数据法人:超级平台数据垄断的治理路径  

Data Legal Person:The Governance Path of Super Platform Data Monopoly

作　　者：王延川 Wang Yanchuan(School of Marxism of Northwestern Polytechnical University)

机构地区：[1]西北工业大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《国家检察官学院学报》2022年第6期145-159,共15页Journal of National Prosecutors College

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“数字社会的法律治理体系与立法变革研究”(20&ZD177);陕西省社会科学基金项目“互联网数据财产权研究”(2018F028)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：超级平台数据垄断的经济成因是经营者在收集数据方面存在技术上的困境,以及数据收集的高成本;制度成因是其对自己收集的数据享有事实权利。超级平台通过数据优势设置壁垒并排除和限制竞争,打压科技创新,利用“数据共享”增强市场竞争力,以及借助数据垄断实现其资本无序扩张。目前数据垄断治理的思路是通过反垄断法促使数据开放,主要有“必要设施”规则、平台并购审查、制止数据违法使用和资本无序扩张、国家推动建立数据流转平台与共享平台和用户行使可携带权等措施,但这些措施均有缺陷。数据垄断的治理应该回归到对数据确权的路子上来。关于数据的确权,用户或者平台拥有数据权利都会存在排他性危害,阻碍数据的开放和共享。围绕超级平台收集的原生数据成立数据法人,并将数据法人权利的行使委托给政府机构,该架构的目的是促进数据开放和共享,为此应尽量将原生数据赋予申请企业使用,这可能是实现数据价值最大化并解决垄断问题的妥当做法。The economic cause of data monopoly of super platform is the technical difficulties of operators in data collection and the high cost of data collection.The institutional cause of data monopoly of super platform is that it has factual rights to the data it collects.The super platform sets up barriers,excludes and restricts competition through data advantages,suppresses scientific and technological innovation,makes use of“data sharing”to enhance market competitiveness,and realizes its capital disorderly expansion with the help of data monopoly.At present,the idea of data monopoly governance is to promote data openness through anti-monopoly law.there are mainly measures such as the rules of“necessary facilities”,the review of mergers and acquisitions of platforms,the prevention of illegal use of data and the disorderly expansion of capital,the promotion of the establishment of a data transfer platform and sharing platform by the state,and the exercise of portable rights by users,but these measures are defective and ineffective.The governance of data monopoly should return to the way of confirming the right of data.With regard to the determination of the right of data,there is exclusive harm for users and platforms to have the right to data,which hinders the opening and sharing of data.We should establish a data legal person around the native data collected by the super platform,and entrust the exercise of data legal person rights to government agencies.the purpose of this framework is to promote the openness and sharing of data,and to this end,native data should be given to applicant enterprises as much as possible,which may be an appropriate way to maximize the value of data and solve monopoly problems.

关 键 词：超级平台 反垄断法 用户权利 数据法人 

分 类 号：D912.29[政治法律—民商法学]