美国联邦政府应急管理:中央政府权力的约束与拓展  

Federal Emergency Management in the United States:Constraints and Expansion of Central Government Power

作　　者：宋劲松 许宁 卢萌 Song Jinsong;Xu Ning;Lu Meng

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)应急管理研究院(中欧应急管理学院) [2]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)研究生院

出　　处：《中国应急管理科学》2024年第6期111-123,共13页Journal of China Emergency Management Science

摘　　要：美国联邦政府的权力受到美国宪法的严格约束,但美国宪法及相关的法律规范也给予美国联邦政府参与地方突发事件处置的权力,以发挥地方与中央的积极性。本文研究表明,美国联邦层面的法律制度规定了联邦紧急事务管理署充当应急资源的“供应链”管理者角色,联邦政府可根据《斯塔福德灾难与紧急援助法》去支援地方管理的突发事件,通过总统政策令参与保护关键基础设施,也可根据国土安全部长的声明支援具有国家意义突发事件的响应;美国国家响应框架明确了美国应急响应的体制,标准化的现场协调中心和模块化的紧急支援功能规范了各部门参与应急响应的行为;国家突发事件管理系统通过标准化与模块化的组织结构规范了现场指挥协调和多级政府之间的协调。但是,美国的应急管理体系不能满足全国性的或影响多个州的突发事件的应急响应,往往存在着协议州应急资源不足、争抢联邦资源等问题。而我国的应急管理体制发挥着“全国一盘棋”、军地协作和对口支援的优势,可以通过强化应急资源的“供应链”职责部门的作用,进而通过标准化来完善我国的应急指挥协调机制;通过模块化提高我国应急响应的集成能力,通过信息化提高我国的应急指挥协调能力。The rights of the US federal government are strictly constrained by the US Constitution,but the US Constitution and related legal norms also give the US federal government the right to participate in local emergency response,in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of local and central governments.This study indicates that the legal system in the United States defines the Federal Emergency Management Agency as the“Supply Chain”manager of emergency resources.The federal government may support the local management of emergencies under the Stafford Act:Involparticipate in protecting critical infrastructure through Presidential policy orders,supporting the emergency response to the emergencies of national significance according to the statement of the Minister of Homeland Security.The US National Response Framework defines the US emergency response system,and the on-site coordination center and emergency support functions regulate the behavior of all departments participating in emergency response.The national event management system regulates field command coordination and coordination between multi-level governments through a standardized and modular organizational structure.However,the emergency management system of the United States cannot meet the emergency response of emergencies nationwide or affecting multiple states,and there are often some problems,such as insufficient emergency resources and competition for federal resources.And our country's emergency management system play a“National Chess”.Flexibly cooperation and counterpart support can strengthening emergency resources“Supply Chain”responsibility department,and then through standardization to improve the emergency command coordination mechanism in our country,through the modular emergency response integration ability,improve the informatization emergency command coordination ability.

关 键 词：美国应急管理 标准化 模块化 领导与支援 

分 类 号：D63[政治法律—政治学]