石器表面残留物反映的红山文化时期西拉木伦河中游地区古人食物性植物资源利用情况  

Surface Residues Reveal the Plant Resource Utilization During Hongshan Culture in the Middle Reaches of Xar Moron River Basin

作　　者：马志坤 游梓明 宋阿倩 黄文博 郇秀佳 贾鑫 Ma Zhikun;You Ziming;Song Aqian;Huang Wenbo;Huan Xiujia;Jia Xin(School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation;Chifeng Cultural Relics Bureau;Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences;Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction,School of Geography,Nanjing Normal University)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院 [2]文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室 [3]赤峰市文物局 [4]中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所,新生代地质与环境院重点实验室 [5]南京师范大学地理科学学院,虚拟地理环境教育部重点实验室

出　　处：《西部考古》2022年第2期213-227,共15页

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(项目批准号:41807436、41771223、41907372);教育部哲学社会科学研究重大专项项目(项目批准号:2022JZDZ026);陕西省社会科学基金项目(项目编号:2022G004)的共同资助

摘　　要：红山文化(6500—5000 cal.a B.P.)是西辽河地区最具影响力的新石器时代考古学文化,对中华文明起源和演变研究具有重要意义。近年来,关于红山文化时期先民植物利用情况的研究备受学界关注,但是目前的研究主要集中在老哈河流域,阻碍了对西辽河地区先民植物资源利用情况的全面认识。已有研究表明,食物加工工具表面残留物是反映先民食物资源利用的最直接证据,据此,本研究选择红山文化广泛分布的西拉木伦河流域,对中游地区五处考古遗址出土的典型食物加工工具——磨盘和磨棒进行系统采样,通过淀粉粒分析和植硅体分析,发现了来自粟类植物、橡子、小麦族(Triticeae)、块根块茎和食用豆类植物的淀粉粒,以及黍亚科(Panicoideae)、画眉草亚科(Eragrostoideae)、芦竹亚科(Arundiaceae)和黍(Panicum milliaceum)稃壳的植硅体。对比五处遗址周边区域开展的植物研究工作,我们认为西拉木伦河中游地区红山文化时期的石磨盘和石磨棒主要加工驯化粟为主的多种植物,粟类植物在古人植物资源利用中占据重要地位;同时,坚果类、食用豆类、块根块茎、画眉草亚科和芦竹亚科等植物资源也被利用。该研究为探讨红山文化时期西拉木伦河流域古人植物资源利用情况,以及解析西辽河地区宏观的生业经济模式提供了植物微体化石的证据。Hongshan Culture(6500-5,000 cal.a B.P.)in West Liaohe Basin was the most developed and influential Neolithic cultural types in Northeast China,and also was important significance to understand the origin and evolution of Chinese civilization,Recently,the plant utilization of Hongshan people has rasied considerable concern.The study of plant utilization of Hongshan people was mostly focused and based on the results from unearthed artifact assemblages,floral remains in the reaches of Laoha river Basin,which was a tributary of the West Liaohe River.However,the comprehensive utilization of plant resources in the middle reaches of Xar Moron River Basin in the West Liaohe River Basin during the Hongshan Culture is still unclear,mainly due to the lack of botanarchaeological records.Fortunately,the surface residues from the ancient food processing tools can provide direct evidence for the ancient plant utilization.In this study,food processing tools including five slabs and four mullers from five archaeological sites within the middle reaches of Xar Moron River Basin of Hongshan Culture,were selected for systematic sampling and analyzing by starch grain analysis and phytoilth analysis.The starch grains from millets,acorns,Triticeae,tubers and beans were found;Phytoliths from Panicoideae,Eragrostoideae,Arundiaceae andηtype from husks of common millet(Panicum milliaceum)were also discovered.In terms of the classification of the millet starches and phytoliths from the modern millets and simulation experiments,ancient millet plant microfossils around West Liaohe Basin and Northern China Plain were further studied,that is,millet starches were used to distinguish between wild and domesticated types,phytoliths were used to analyze the common millet.Results from food processing tools show that millet plants played an important role in human plant resources,and millets were highly domesticated in five sites during Hongshan period in middlc rcaches of Xar Moron River Basin.Also the available plant resources around environments ne

关 键 词：西拉木伦河 红山文化 粟作农业 植物利用 淀粉粒分析 植硅体分析 

分 类 号：K878.9[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] Q914[历史地理—历史学]