美国与战后国际海洋制度的缘起(1945—1958)  

The United States and the Origin of Postwar International Ocean Regime,1945—1958

作　　者：舒建中 李婷婷[1] Shu Jianzhong;Li Tingting

机构地区：[1]南京大学历史学院,江苏南京210023 [2]南京大学约翰斯·霍普金斯大学中美文化研究中心

出　　处：《史学月刊》2023年第9期72-82,共11页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：以美国1945年9月《杜鲁门公告》为肇端,国际海洋事务成为战后国际关系中一个争论激烈的领域。其中,因美国大陆架政策和渔业保护区政策引发的领海及领海宽度问题、毗连区渔业问题,始终是海洋谈判的主题和争论的焦点。依托联合国第一次海洋法会议的谈判成果,领海及毗连区制度、公海制度、公海生物资源养护制度、大陆架制度等国际海洋制度初现端倪。尽管领海宽度和毗连区渔业问题分歧犹存,但联合国第一次海洋法会议及其确立的相关制度毕竟为国际海洋关系的发展构筑了制度议程和谈判框架,标志着战后国际海洋制度的缘起。从这个意义上讲,《杜鲁门公告》不仅引发了广泛的海洋争论,而且催生了战后国际海洋关系的制度化进程,促使有关国家和联合国开始寻求构建普遍性的国际海洋制度。Started with the Truman Proclamation,international maritime affairs have become a hotly contested area in postwar international relations.Among them,the issues of territorial sea,territorial sea width and contiguous fishery zone caused by the continental shelf policy and fishery zone policy of the United States were always the subject and focus of maritime negotiations.Building on the outcome of the first United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,international ocean regimes such as Regime of Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone,Regime of High Seas,Regime of Conservation of Living Resources of High Seas and Regime of Continental Shelf were emerging.All these constructed the institutional agenda and negotiating framework for international maritime affairs,and marked the beginning of postwar international ocean regime.In this sense,the Truman Proclamation not only triggered a wide range of maritime disputes,but also promoted the institutionalization of post-war international maritime relations and the convening of the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,which prompted relevant countries and the United Nations to seek to build a universal international ocean regime.

关 键 词：美国 《杜鲁门公告》 联合国 海洋法会议 国际海洋制度 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学]