音乐文化事象的反向特质研究——以土家族哭嫁歌、跳丧鼓、傩戏为例  

A Study of the Reverse Characteristics of Musical Cultural Events——Taking Tujia People's Crying Marriage Song,Funeral Drum Dance and Nuo Opera as Examples

作　　者：王传历[1,2,3] WANG Chuanli

机构地区：[1]三峡大学科技学院 [2]三峡大学巴楚艺术发展研究中心 [3]福建师范大学音乐学院

出　　处：《三峡文化研究》2022年第1期119-135,214-215,共19页

基　　金：2021年度湖北省高校人文社科重点研究基地巴楚艺术发展研究中心开放基金项目“土家族音乐文化事象的‘反向’特质研究”(项目编号:2021KF07);2021年度湖北省教育厅科学技术研究项目“鄂西土家族民俗音乐的审美特征研究”(项目编号:B2021426)

摘　　要：土家族是我国为数不多的非边疆集中居住的少数民族,它的音乐文化事象中呈现诸多反向特质。从哭嫁歌以哭骨肉分离为主来看,土家姑娘在婚礼上不笑而哭,实为在儒家思想支配下对孝文化的宣扬,她们是在以“哭”示“孝”。从跳丧鼓中以情歌为主的丧歌和大量模仿动物的舞姿来看,土家人在葬礼上不悲而乐,实为民众“生”的愿望得到实现,整场歌舞活动其实就是一场传达生殖崇拜的仪式。从傩戏中粗俗的唱词和原始形态的面具法器来看,土家人看似以丑为美的审美情趣,实为对以污冲邪和以丑制丑的傩巫信仰的虔诚。哭嫁歌、跳丧鼓和傩戏是土家族歌、舞、戏的代表,它们共同构成了土家族音乐的土色土香。The Tujia people is one of the few ethnic minorities living in non-frontier areas in China.Its music and cultural events show many reverse characteristics.From the perspective of Crying Marriage Song for separation of flesh and blood,Tujia girls don't laugh but cry at weddings,which is actually the promotion of flial piety culture under the domination of Confucianism.They cry to show flial piety.Judging from the funeral songs mainly based on love songs and a large number of dance movements imitating animals in the Funeral Drum Dance,Tujia people are not sad but happy in the funeral,which is actually the realization of the people's desire for“life”.The whole activity is actually a ceremony to convey reproductive worship.From the perspective of vulgar libretto and primitive masks in Nuo Opera,Tujia people have formed the aesthetic taste of regarding ugliness as beauty,which is in fact the devout belief in Nuo witch who flushes evils with flth and curbs ugliness with ugliness.The Crying Marriage Song,Funeral Drum Dance and Nuo Opera are the representatives of Tujia songs,dances and plays,which together constitute the earthy color and fragrance of Tujia music.

关 键 词：土家族 哭嫁歌 跳丧鼓 傩戏 反向特质 

分 类 号：J607[艺术—音乐]