德国战后初期大屠杀教育和国家记忆构建  

Holocaust Education and National Memory Building in the earlier post-WWII Germany

作　　者：房春光 Fang Chunguang

机构地区：[1]上海大学外国语学院

出　　处：《文化研究》2023年第1期229-246,共18页Cultural Studies

基　　金：上海市社科规划项目“德语大屠杀见证文学研究”(2021ZWY004)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：纳粹大屠杀这一浩劫之后,避免历史重演成为大屠杀教育的首要任务。面对同盟国“去纳粹化”和“再教育”政策以及冷战时期东、西对峙的复杂国际环境,民主德国和联邦德国的大屠杀教育虽然选择了不同的发展策略,最终却都将大屠杀的历史记忆深埋在集体记忆之中。不同的是,前者通过反法西斯斗士英雄主义“建国神话”的宏观叙事将以犹太人为代表的大屠杀受害者的记忆边缘化,后者则在多种内政外交因素作用下“与历史彻底清账”将这一记忆逐步淡忘。在记忆政策视角下,这皆是滥用记忆的后果:前者记忆过多,后者遗忘过多。在知识政治机制的作用下,这一被操纵了的集体记忆成为战后两德国家记忆的最早雏形并影响着之后文化记忆图景的塑造。Preventing the historic catastrophe from repeating itself has become a top priority after the Holocaust on the Holocaust Education agenda of the post-WWII Germany.Faced with the East-West confrontation during the Cold War and impacted by the Denazification&Reeducation policies of the Allied Powers,the then German Democratic Republic(GDR)and the Federal Republie of Germany(FRG)adopted their respective approaches to Holocaust Education,however,they both concealed the Holocaust memories behind the collective memory.Herein lies the crucial difference in that the GDR employs the“nation-building”macro-narrative of the anti-fascist fighters and marginalizes the Holocaust victim memories,while the complex internal and foreign affairs decide FRG to make a clean break with the dark history to erase the Holocaust memories.From the perspective of memory policy,both cases reflect the abuse of memory:the GDR tends to remember much and the FRG,forget too much.This“manipulated”collective memory is shown under the knowledge politics mechanism to weave the earlier post-WWIl national narratives of the GDR and the FRG,hence the profound impact on their subsequent landscape of cultural memory.

关 键 词：大屠杀教育 记忆政策 知识政治 民主德国 联邦德国 

分 类 号：D751.6[政治法律—政治学] G551.6[政治法律—中外政治制度]