新疆克孜尔石窟壁画锡箔装饰研究  

A Study on the Tin Gilding Used in the Murals of the Kizil Grottoes

作　　者：周智波 刘昭昭 沈灵 胡雪晴 杨杰 ZHOU Zhibo;LIU Zhaozhao;SHEN Ling;HU Xueqing;YANG Jie(Xinjiang Kizil Grottoes Research Institute,Baicheng 842313,China;Archaeology Department,Hangzhou City University,Hangzhou 310000,China;College of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi’an 710069,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆维吾尔自治区克孜尔石窟研究所,新疆拜城842313 [2]浙大城市学院考古学系,浙江杭州310000 [3]西北大学文化遗产学院,陕西西安710069

出　　处：《石窟与土遗址保护研究》2023年第4期61-74,共14页Research On The Conservation Of Cave Temples And Earthen Sites

基　　金：国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项学者个人项目(23VJXG024);新疆克孜尔石窟研究所课题(QCX2304)

摘　　要：为探明新疆克孜尔石窟壁画中的锡箔装饰,采用便携X射线荧光光谱仪(P-XRF)进行原位无损检测;采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、热裂解质谱(Py-GC/MS)对克孜尔石窟壁画中锡箔装饰进行微损取样分析。结果表明,20个洞窟的壁画中检出了Sn元素,证明锡箔装饰在克孜尔石窟相当普遍。微损取样分析结果发现,贴锡箔的胶结材料为干性油、蛋白质及多糖;锡箔之上存在涂层。结合相关研究成果,推测锡箔有模仿金箔、银箔和作为绘画底色层三种用途。通过对锡箔装饰的时代特征、材料及技法、产地及技法传播等内容的初步研究,认为锡箔这一装饰技法应起源于古代龟兹地区,并影响了巴米扬、印度北部的佛教壁画装饰艺术。通过本研究为特定时期丝路沿线物资贸易及文化交融研究提供科学参照。Portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(PXRF)was used for the first time to conduct a non-destructive,in-situ analysis of the tin gilding decorating the cave murals of the Kizil Grottoes in Xinjiang.In addition,this study used a metallographic microscope in combination with SEM-EDS and Py-GC/MS to analyze the micro-damage sustained by the foil materials,and to investigate the decorative techniques used to create the murals.The research results show that the element tin is present in 20 caves,which indicates that tin foil gilding was very common in the Kizil Grottoes.The results also show that the binding materials used with the tin foil contain dry oil,proteins and polysaccharide,and that a protective coating was painted over the gilding.By combining these results with other relevant research,it can be inferred that tin foil was used to imitate gold or silver foil decoration,or was used as a ground layer for the paintings.A preliminary study on the materials and techniques found at the Kizil Grottoes,as well as the origin and dissemination of this decorative style,suggests that this use of tin foil originated in ancient Kucha and was later adopted by Buddhist mural decoration practices in Bamiyan and northern India.The development and popularity of tin foil gilding was therefore closely related to the spread of Buddhism in the Western Regions and Central Plains of China.This study is meant to provide scientific reference material for research on the trade and cultural exchanges along the Silk Road in a specific historical period.

关 键 词：石窟寺 古代壁画 锡箔 材料技法 

分 类 号：K879.25[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]