莫高窟第55窟壁画制作材料和工艺分析  

Analysis of the Mural-Making Materials and Techniques in Mogao Cave 55

作　　者：赵金丽 崔强[1,2] 张文元 谈翔[1,2] 冯雅琪 善忠伟 殷志媛 于宗仁 ZHAO Jinli;CUI Qiang;ZHANG Wenyuan;TAN Xiang;FENG Yaqi;SHAN Zhongwei;YIN Zhiyuan;YU Zongren(National Research Center for the Conservation of Ancient Murals and Earthen Sites,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,China;Gansu Provincial Dunhuang Cultural Relics Protection and Research Center,Dunhuang 736200,China)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心,甘肃敦煌736200 [2]甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心,甘肃敦煌736200

出　　处：《石窟与土遗址保护研究》2023年第2期68-77,共10页Research On The Conservation Of Cave Temples And Earthen Sites

基　　金：甘肃省重点人才项目(2022RCXM060);甘肃省青年科技基金计划(21JR7RA758);甘肃省文物保护科学和技术研究课题(GWJ202013);敦煌研究院院级课题(2021-KJ-QN-4)

摘　　要：敦煌莫高窟作为敦煌石窟的典型代表,具有极高的历史、艺术和科学价值,第55窟位于整个莫高窟的中心位置,窟内保存有宋代曹元忠时期和西夏时期的壁画,本文结合X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜-能谱、偏光显微观察、激光粒度仪、X射线衍射和热裂解-气质联用等多种分析方法,选取甬道重层壁画为典型代表,对其制作材料和工艺进行综合分析,结果表明:壁画总体结构为支撑体-底层地仗层-彩绘层-表层地仗层-彩绘层-表面贴金,地仗粗泥层和细泥层中的加筋材料分别为麦秸秆和麻,无机颜料以朱砂、铁红、氯铜矿、青金石等为主,有机胶结材料为动物胶。分析结果为古代壁画制作材料和工艺的分析提供方法参考,同时给壁画保护修复提供材料信息,对壁画保护具有重要意义。The Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang,which represent a typical example of the Dunhuang caves,possess a wealth of historical,artistic and scientific value.Cave 55,which is located at the center of the site,contains wall paintings dating to the period from the Song dynasty to the Western Xia.This study comprehensively analyzes the materials and techniques used to create the murals in the cave by using multiple analytical methods,including X-ray fluorescence,scanning electron microscopes and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry,X-ray diffraction,and Pyrolysis gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.The results show that the structure of the murals includes a bottom layer of plaster,a paint layer,a surface layer of plaster,another paint layer,and a final layer of surface gilding.Straw was added to the coarse bottom layer of plaster as a reinforcement material,while hemp was added to the surface layer of fine plaster.The inorganic pigments used in the paints are mainly cinnabar,iron red,copper chloride,and broccoli,while the organic binding material used to fuse the layers of the murals together is animal glue.The results of this study not only provide a methodological reference for further analysis of mural-making materials and techniques,but also provide scientifically obtained information useful for the restoration of murals,both of which are of great significance for mural conservation.

关 键 词：莫高窟第55窟 壁画 制作材料和工艺 

分 类 号：K879.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]