莫高窟第465窟多色层壁画绘制颜料及工艺特征研究  

A Study on the Pigments and Painting Techniques of the Multi-Colored Murals in Mogao Cave 465 and the Effect on Restoration

作　　者：李丹丹 水碧纹[1,4] 冯雅琪 善忠伟 于宗仁[1,4] LI Dandan;SHUI Biwen;FENG Yaqi;SHAN Zhongwei;YU Zongren(National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites/Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,China;Cultural Heritage Conservation Technology Service Centre,Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,China;Gansu Mogao Grottoes Cultural Heritage Protection Design Consulting Co.,Ltd,Dunhuang 736200,China;Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation of Ministry of Education,Northwest University,Xi’an 710069,China)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术研究中心/甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心,甘肃敦煌736200 [2]敦煌研究院文物保护技术服务中心,甘肃敦煌736200 [3]甘肃莫高窟文化遗产保护设计咨询有限公司,甘肃敦煌736200 [4]西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710069

出　　处：《石窟与土遗址保护研究》2022年第4期68-80,共13页Research On The Conservation Of Cave Temples And Earthen Sites

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20282);甘肃省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2021);敦煌研究院院级课题(2020-KJ-YB-3)

摘　　要：敦煌莫高窟第465窟是典型的藏传密教风格洞窟,窟内壁画融合了印藏和汉地绘画的艺术风格,具有重要的研究价值。保护修复前期调查发现洞窟内存在大范围的以黄色颜料做底色的多色层颜料区域,并且在修复试验中出现黄色颜料透出表层的现象。本文利用偏光显微镜、便携式X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜能谱、显微共焦拉曼光谱仪等分析方法,对这些多色层区域的绘制颜料和工艺进行分析。结果表明:内层颜料主要为雌黄、生石膏和碳酸钙,颜料颗粒大、颜料层较厚;表层颜料主要为朱砂、铅丹(二氧化铅)、铁红、靛蓝和炭黑,颜料颗粒细小、颜料层极薄;不同颜料层罩染叠加的工艺主要有四种。本文的研究结果揭示了465窟以雌黄做底的多色层壁画绘制颜料和工艺特点,并从材料工艺的角度简要说明多色层颜料绘制方法对病害修复的影响,为保护修复实践提供理论基础。Mogao Cave 465 is unique in Dunhuang for its Tibetan tantric Buddhist style of art.The murals in the cave integrate the artistic styles of Indo-Tibetan and Han Chinese paintings,and thus are of great research value.Preliminary conservation research indicates that the cave contains an extensive amount of surfaces paint ed with various types of paint,and that a yellow pigment was exposed after the surface paint was peeled back during restoration tests.In this study,polarized light microscopy(PLM),portable X-ray fluorescence spectrum(p-XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM/EDS),and micro confocal Raman spectrometer(μ-Raman)were utilized in the analysis of the pigments and painting techniques of the murals that consist of several layers of paint.The results show that the bottom paint layer is thick and was painted with large-particle pigments that primarily contain orpiment,gypsum and calcite;the paint of the thinner surface layer was made with small-particle pigments,and mainly contains cinnabar,red lead,plattnerite,red ochre,indigo and black carbon.It has further been determined that the paintings and overlaying pigments can be divided into a total of four overlapping layers.The results of this study show what pigments and painting techniques were used in Mogao cave 465,illustrate the influence that different kinds of pigments and techniques have on the restoration of multi-layer murals,and provide a theoretical basis for further conservation and restoration of the murals in this cave.

关 键 词：莫高窟465窟 壁画 颜料与工艺 修复 光谱分析 

分 类 号：K879.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]