论履行期届满前达成的以物抵债协议——兼评《九民纪要》第45条  

Substituted Contracts Reached Before the Expiry of the Performance Period:With Comments on Article 45 of Summary of 9th Civil Justices Convention

作　　者：许一君 Xu Yijun

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《私法》2020年第2期-,共23页Private Law Review

摘　　要：根据相关理解与适用,《九民纪要》第45条将在履行期届满前达成的以物抵债协议认定为设定让与担保的约定,且仅有不完全债权的效力。但在理论上以物抵债协议无论其成立时间如何,原则上都应当有效且不影响法律效力,因此应当摒弃此种分类方法。要区分以物抵债和让与担保,前者目的是变更并清偿,与原债具有同一性,用显失公平规则救济;后者目的是担保,与原债具有从属性,用清算义务调整。以债务人不履行到期债务为生效条件的以物抵债协议具有事先约定违约责任的效果,类似于约定违约金。如果抵债物价值过分高于原定给付,就应当类推适用《民法典》第585条第2款予以调低,或由债务人依《民法典》第151条部分撤销以物抵债协议。附生效条件的以物抵债协议与担保有诸多不同,不应适用禁止流押规则;但若其经预告登记,则具有担保的效果,应当类推适用禁止流押规则。According to the relevant understanding,Article 45 of Summary of 9 th Civil Justices Conventionregards the substituted contracts reached before the expiry of the performance period as an agreement to establish a transfer guarantee,and only with the effect of incomplete contract rights.However,in theory,regardless of the time of its establishment,the agreement should be valid in principle with the same legal effect,so this classification method should be abandoned.It is necessary to distinguish between the agreement and a transfer guarantee.The purpose of the former is to change the contract and pay the original debt,which is identical to the original debt,and is relieved by unfair contract rules;the purpose of the latter is to guarantee,which is subordinate to the original debt and is adjusted by liquidation obligations.A agreement with the debtor’s failure to perform the due debt as the effective condition has the effect of pre-set the liability for breach of contract,similar to the agreed liquidated damages.If the value of the repayment is excessively higher than the original payment,it should be reduced by analogy with Article 585,paragraph 2 of the Civil Code,or the debtor shall partially cancel the debt repayment agreement in accordance with Article 151 of the Civil Code.There are many differences between a debt settlement agreement with effective conditions and a guarantee,and the prohibition rule should not be applied;but if it is registered,it will have the effect of guarantee,and the prohibition rule should be applied by analogy.

关 键 词：以物抵债 生效条件 合同变更 违约责任 让与担保 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]