从“范畴诡辩”到“资本批判”:恩格斯对古典政治经济学贫困理论的超越  

From "Category Sophistry" to "Capital Criticism":Engels’ Transcendence over the Poverty Theory of Classical Political Economics

作　　者：吴大娟 薛俊强[2] Wu Dajuan;Xue Junqiang

机构地区：[1]南开大学马克思主义学院 [2]西南大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《社会主义研究》2023年第1期32-39,共8页Socialism Studies

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“当代欧洲左翼政党价值观及其教育实践研究”(20FKSB023);2020年度重庆市教育委员会人文社科思政专项重点项目“新时代高校思政课教师坚定马克思主义信仰研究”(20SKSZ005)

摘　　要：恩格斯彻底瓦解了古典政治经济学贫困理论的一切形而上学,创造性地开启了一条探赜无产阶级贫困实质的科学之路。古典政治经济学对贫困的解读,拘囿于先验设定的“经济人”理论假设,游离了历史现实的真相,具有为资本主义秩序辩护的虚伪性。恩格斯批判古典政治经济学思考贫困问题时的非历史性、非批判性,把对贫困的诊断提升到资本主义社会历史批判的思想高度,力求从经济社会史的研究视角追问贫困背后的社会基础及其制度前提,对资本权力构序下贫困的根源、本质及治理路径等做出了全新探索。恩格斯超越古典政治经济学贫困理论的精神实质在于:深刻洞察被古典经济学曲解的现代资本主义社会关系的本质,揭示资本统治劳动的根源及其现代性后果;直面社会科学研究中的“历史特性问题”,拯救被古典政治经济学遗忘的真实的社会历史和现代人的感性生活;探索一条真正超越资本逻辑和消解无产阶级生存困境的共产主义道路。Engels completely disintegrated all metaphysics of poverty theory in classical political economy,and creatively opened a scientific road to explore the essence of proletarian poverty.The interpretation of poverty of classical political economics was confined to the prearranged"economic man"theoretical hypothesis,which deviates from the truth of historical reality and has the hypocrisy of defending the capitalist order.Engels criticized the non historicity and non criticality of classical political economics when thinking about poverty,raised the diagnosis of poverty to the ideological height of social historical criticism of capitalism,strived to inquire about the social foundation and institutional premise behind poverty from the perspective of economic and social history,and made a new exploration of the root,essence and governance path of poverty under the capital power structure.The spiritual essence of Engels’transcending the poverty theory of classical political economics lied in:having a deep insight into the nature of modern capitalist social relations distorted by classical economics,revealing the roots of capital ruling labor and its modern consequences;Facing the"historical characteristic problem"in social science research,saving the real social history and modern people’s perceptual life forgotten by classical political economy;To explore a communist road that truly transcends the capital logic and eliminates the living predicament of the proletariat.

关 键 词：恩格斯 古典政治经济学 经济人 无产阶级贫困 

分 类 号：A811[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]