近代晋中农民从商的阶层分化与乡村社会变迁——以文水县《阶级成分登记表》为中心  

The Class Differentiation of Peasants Engaged in Business and Rural Social Changes in the Central Part of Shanxi in Modern Times:Centered on the"Registration Form of Class Status"of Wenshui County

作　　者：张爱明 Zhang Aiming

机构地区：[1]太原师范学院历史与文博学院

出　　处：《中国社会历史评论》2022年第1期231-258,303-304,共30页Chinese Social History Review

基　　金：2021年度国家社科基金青年项目:‘晚清以来山西乡村的经济结构与社会变迁研究’(项目编号21CZS055)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：19世纪末至20世纪初是晋商由盛及衰的时期,精英商人的势力明显减退。与此同时,在经商风气盛行的晋中乡村,兼营商业的农民数量却明显增多。通过解读文水县的《阶级成分登记表》发现,农民在保留农业生产的同时,或在农闲期做肩挑小贩,或外出经商,实现了家庭劳动力资源的合理配置,有效应对了乡村危机。在“半耕半商”的经济基础上,不同阶层农民从事的商业有明显差异。“贫农式家庭”由于土地不足,劳动力低廉,只能充当底层的店员小贩等,属于生存推动的“糊口经济”。“富农式家庭”土地充足,资本充裕,独立或合股经商,主要为了营利,类似于“资本主义企业家”。农民普遍从商对乡村社会产生了深远的影响。家庭剩余劳力由农转商,一定程度上缓解了乡村的人地矛盾和农业生产的过密化经营。经商使农民获得了较高的非农收入,农民积累了财富,加速了阶层之间的社会流动。经商带来的现金流通,刺激了农民消费,调剂了农村金融,促使乡村社会结构由内聚向开放转变,乡村逐渐具有了近代化特征。The modern Shanxi merchants went from prosperity to decline,and the power of elite merchants declined.At the same time,in the villages in central Shanxi,where the business atmosphere prevails,the number of farmers who also engage in business has increased significantly.By interpreting the"Registration Form of Class Status"of Wenshui County,it is found that farmers,on the basis of agriculture,either work as hawkers on the shoulder during the slack season,or go out to do business,forming a family economy of"Part-Peasant,Part-Trader",realizing family labor resources.The rational allocation of the system has effectively dealt with the rural crisis.Further observation shows that there are obvious differences in the businesses engaged in by farmers of different classes.Due to the lack of land and low labor force,"poor peasant-style families"can only act as shop assistants and hawkers at the bottom,and belong to the"subsistence economy"driven by survival."Kulak family"has abundant land,abundant capital,independent or joint-stock business,mainly for profit,similar to"capitalist entrepreneur".The widespread business of farmers has had a profound impact on the countryside.The transfer of family surplus labor from agriculture to business has eased the contradiction between man and land in the countryside;farmers have gained higher non-agricultural income,accumulated wealth,and accelerated social mobility between classes.The cash flow brought by business stimulates farmers’consumption,adjusts rural finance,and promotes the transformation of rural social structure from cohesion to openness,which has the characteristics of modernization.

关 键 词：文水 阶级成分登记表 半耕半商 乡村社会 

分 类 号：D693.71[政治法律—政治学] F329[政治法律—中外政治制度] F729[经济管理—产业经济]