“活”的制度史研究:以汉代县属游徼为例  

A Flexible Study about Institutional History:Taking You Jiao Affiliated to County in the Han Dynasty as an Example

作　　者：张新超 Zhang Xinchao

机构地区：[1]西南大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《中国社会历史评论》2022年第1期160-173,301-302,共16页Chinese Social History Review

摘　　要：县游徼、部游徼虽在官制上先后隶属于县尉和功曹,但在现实运作中往往受到其他官吏指挥。他们处在汉帝国文书行政环节的末端,是各级政令的执行者,几乎不参与决策。在现实行政中,他们的违法行为较多。典籍所载的门下五吏导从制度只是一种理想化的规定,现实中五吏不一定都跟随长官出行,且并非皆乘车,如汉画像资料中门下游徼的形象就有骑马和乘车两种。完备的门下五吏导从制度可能形成于东汉晚期,且五吏不一定是县令长最亲信的僚属。时人对县属游徼的认知主要有三点:一是对其名称、职能比较熟悉;二是对其地位和身份把握准确;三是对其违法行为认识较多。对汉代县属游徼进行“活”的制度史考察,有助于推动秦汉政治制度史研究走向深入。It is known to all that in the official system,Xian You Jiao belonged to Xian Wei while Bu You Jiao was affiliated to Gong Cao.But in reality,Xian You Jiao and Bu You Jiaowere guided by other officials.Xian You Jiao and Bu You Jiao were the lowest administrative position in the Han Dynasty,and so they had no authority to make any real political decisions.What they could do was to enforce the orders from the governments at higher levels.Many illegal activities were revealed in their daily business.The subordination system of Men Xia Wu Li in ancient books was a kind of ideal rule.In reality,Wu Li did not always follow the leaders.Not all the Wu Li rode in carriages when working outside.For example,in the historical materials of image,some Wu Li were in carriages,others were on horseback.The subordination system of Men Xia Wu Li might be formed in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.Wu Li were not always the most trusted staff for the county magistrate.In Han Dynasty,People’s cognition about You Jiao had three features:Firstly,people were familiar with You Jiao’s name and function;secondly,they had exact comprehension about its status and identity;thirdly,they knew a lot about its illegal behavior.The quite flexible study to institutional history about You Jiao affiliated to county in the Han Dynasty is helpful to the further research about political system history in the Qin and Han Dynasties.

关 键 词：制度史研究 汉代 县属游徼 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学] D691[历史地理—中国史]