土司制度与边疆和平:卓尼传统政治组织及其转型机制研究  

Chieftain System and Frontier Peace:A Study on Choni Traditional Political Organization and Its Transformation Mechanism

作　　者：张亚辉 ZHANG Yahui(School of Sociology and Anthropology,Xiamen University)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学社会与人类学院

出　　处：《社会》2022年第5期37-61,共25页Chinese Journal of Sociology

基　　金：2020年度国家民委民族研究项目“藏族王权佛教化机制研究”(2020-GMF-007);国家社科基金项目“川甘青地区传统藏族社会的亲属制度和基层政治结构”(21BMZ003)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：在后弘期,绝大部分前弘期吐蕃藏王的后代流落到了卫藏地区之外,他们的贵族身份往往成为边疆土司制度的卡里斯马基础。本文从谷苞先生对卓尼土司政体组织方式的研究出发,系统分析了卓尼土司从明代的巫术型王权转变为清康熙年间的司法型王权的历史过程及其社会学机制。通过与其他王权形态的比较,可以发现,仅从部落头人或酋长入手理解王权制度是不够的,王权的本质在于对社会多样性的涵盖,基于祭司的等级制度和基于司法的和平是王权取得这一地位的关键。在清康熙年间的边疆和平运动中,卓尼土司通过刊刻大藏经和扩张禅定寺教区建立了相对完整的等级制度,但这并不能彻底遏制土司治下各部的分离倾向,只有中央王朝的司法裁决才是土司维系自身的根本凭据。但是,无论是巫术型王权还是司法型王权都无法彻底控制武士集团,神圣王权始终都只是政治体系的局部而已。The descendants of Tibetan Tubo loyal family in the pre-Hong period had largely left dbus gtsang areas by the time of the post-Hong period.Their aristocratic status often became the Charisma basis of the frontier chieftain system.Based on Gu Bao’s study of the Choni chieftain system,this paper offers a systematic analysis of power transition of Choni chieftain and its sociological mechanism.Xie Di,the first chieftain of Choni,relied on the power of witchcraft to obtain his throne,and through sacrifices to the local Mountain-God a myae brag dkar,gained the right to control the tribal warrior group.Choni chieftain system in this period was typical of the New-Age group of kingship.During the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty,with the powerful legislative process of the central government in the frontier,Choni chieftain experienced a series of political and religious reforms such as the publication of the Tripitaka,thus turning its system to a more rational and judicial form of Old-Age group.After that,the chieftain consisted of patrimonialism and military fiefdoms.The former refers to the relationship between the chieftain and the twelve Zhang’ga(affiliated groups living in the county seat of Choni),whereas the latter was the forty-eight highly autonomous military-production organizations named Qi.These two parts were linked together by means of the Qi electoral system.By comparing with other forms of kingships,this paper argues that it is insufficient to understand the kingship system just from tribal leaders and chiefs.The essence of the kingship lies in the encompassing of social diversity.The priest-based hierarchy and the judicial-based peace are the key to kingship.During the frontier peace movement in the Kangxi Period,Choni chieftain established a relatively complete hierarchical system by publishing the Tripitaka and expanding the diocese of Chanding monastery.However,it still failed to curb the tendency of the subordinate members to secede,and the judicial rulings of the central government were the fun

关 键 词：王权 卓尼土司 边疆和平 卡里斯马 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] D929[历史地理—中国史] D691.72[政治法律—法学]