为什么法定的商业秩序难以形成和维持?——尊重商法对“隐名交易”的基本立场  

作　　者：蒋大兴[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2024年第2期164-186,共23页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“公司法修订中的重大问题研究——基于私人自治与公共规制之间的平衡”(21AFX019)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在规范构造上,商法并未一概否定“隐名交易”之效力,只是通过凸显外观主义原则,将隐名交易之法效果限制在特定当事人之间。按照“同样事务同类处理”原则,无论是隐名出资,还是隐名购房、隐名购车、隐名购船等,似乎都应坚持同样的“外观优先”逻辑,此系维护商事交易秩序、促进登记财产安全流动的重要措施。然而,在实践中,法院通过司法解释及个案裁判,在特定情形下让未登记之“实际权利”能对抗第三人,甚至对抗法院执行,这从根本上动摇了外观主义原则。此种对待“隐名交易”的立场,不仅损害了交易预期,增加了交易成本,也增加了法院的执行难度,最终使得商法透过外观主义试图型构的“法定交易秩序”难以形成和维持。由于法院在某些场合对“隐名交易”过度同情,“隐名交易”的外部影响力被不当扩张,外观主义试图形成的“观念秩序”被摧毁。我们必须回归法律的原初立场,在尊重外观主义的前提下,评判“隐名交易”的效力,不应动辄让“隐名交易”借助法院的力量可以轻易取得“外观登记”之效果。In terms of normative construction,commercial law does not deny the effect of“anonymous transaction”,and only limits the legal effect of anonymous transaction to specific parties by highlighting the principle of externalism.In accordance with the principle of“the same deal with the same”,whether the deal is a hidden investment,or a hidden house purchase,a hidden car purchase,a hidden boat purchase,etc.,it seems that they should adhere to the same logic of“appearance priority”,which is an important measure to maintain the order of commercial transactions and promote the safe flow of registered property.However,in practice,through judicial interpretation and judgment in individual case,the court makes the unregistered“actual rights”against the third party or even against the court enforcement under certain circumstances,which fundamentally shakes the principle of externalism.This kind of“anonymous transaction”position not only damages the transaction expectation,increases the transaction cost,but also increases the execution difficulty of the court,and ultimately makes it difficult to form and maintain the“legal transaction order”that commercial law tries to construct through externalism.Due to the excessive sympathy of the court to“anonymous transaction”on some occasions,the external influence of“anonymous transaction”is improperly expanded,and the“conceptual order”that externalism tries to form is destroyed.We must return to the original position of the law and judge the effectiveness of“anonymous transactions”under the premise of respecting externalism,and we should not easily allow“anonymous transactions”to obtain the effect of“appearance registration”with the help of the power of the court.

关 键 词：商法 外观主义 隐名交易 登记 对抗 

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