制度与社会约束下的法官行为——以基层法院的离婚纠纷解决为经验  

Judge’s Behavior Under Institutional and Social Constraints: Based on the Practice of Divorce Dispute Resolution in Primary Courts

作　　者：于龙刚[1] 

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院

出　　处：《法制与社会发展》2022年第3期105-125,共21页Law and Social Development

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“基层司法回应社会治理的机制研究”(21FFXB062)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：当前法院在解决离婚纠纷、稳定婚姻关系方面所发挥的作用日益凸显。不过,相关传媒报道与实证调研反映出法院解决离婚纠纷的社会效果还不理想,存在第一次不判离现象突出、家庭暴力认定困难、离婚救济困难等问题。法官解决离婚纠纷的行为呈现出较强的效率导向与风险规避导向。法官的行为逻辑主要缘于制度约束与社会约束。一方面,基层法院的部分内部管理措施和司法政策对解纷效率与风险防控的强调容易催生出法官的“求快”和“求稳”心理;另一方面,婚姻关系的快速变迁与婚姻市场的激烈竞争给法官带来了很大挑战和压力,法官解决离婚纠纷的社会基础也不理想。有效扭转法官解决离婚纠纷的行为逻辑,提升离婚纠纷解决的社会效果,需要从调整与改善法官行为的制度与社会约束条件着手。其中,关键是需要夯实法院解决离婚纠纷的社会基础,发挥社会本身在稳定婚姻关系方面的主导作用。In recent years,the courts have played an increasingly important role in resolving divorce disputes and stabilizing marriage relationships.However,relevant media reports and empirical investigations have revealed that the social effect of resolving divorce disputes by court is not satisfactory.There are some problems,such as the prominent phenomenon of not judging divorce in the first court hearing,the difficulty of identifying domestic violence,and the difficulty of relief after divorce.The judge’s behavior has a strong efficiency orientation and risk avoidance orientation under institutional and social constraints.Trial administration and judicial policies in primary courts which particularly emphasizes improving the efficiency and reducing risk can easily give birth to the judge’s psychology of seeking speed and stability.The rapid changes in marriage relations and fierce competition in the marriage market have brought great pressure to judges,and the social foundation of resolving disputes is not ideal.To effectively reverse the behavioral logic of judge’s dispute resolution and improve the social effect of dispute resolution,we need to adjust and improve the institutional and social constraints of judge’s behavior.The key is to strengthen social foundation of dispute resolution and make social norms and social forces play more important role in stabilizing marriage relationships.

关 键 词：离婚纠纷 审判管理 离婚冷静期 社会基础 

分 类 号：D926.2[政治法律—法学] D923.9