推定在电信网络诈骗及其关联犯罪案件证明中的适用与规制完善  

Application and Regulation Improvement of Presumption in the proof of Telecom Network Fraud and Related Crime Cases

作　　者：李学军[1] 贺娇 LI Xuejun;HE Jiao(Law School,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872

出　　处：《法学论坛》2024年第2期119-130,共12页Legal Forum

基　　金：证据科学教育部重点实验室(中国政法大学)开放基金资助课题项目“非接触式网络犯罪证据问题研究”(2022KFKT01)的研究成果。

摘　　要：电信网络诈骗罪及侵犯公民个人信息罪、帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪等上下游关联犯罪的频繁发生、快速增长,严重危害人民财产安全和社会稳定。为适应严厉打击治理以上违法犯罪的现实需要,对于罪量认定、批量公民个人信息数量认定、行为人主观罪责认定等存在证明困难的事项,相关法律法规越来越多地通过创设推定规则以化解这些证明困境。然而,推定规则在简化证明方法、减轻公诉方证明负担的同时,向被告方倒置了证明责任,可能会冲击刑事诉讼证明责任分配的基本原则,还可能降低案件整体的证明标准,且“可以”模式的推定规则存在扩大自由裁量权被滥用的风险。因此,应当坚持刑事推定的最后适用性这一原则,被告方反驳推定的证明标准则应以“产生合理怀疑”为主,并尽量减少推定规则的创设。The frequent occurrence and rapid growth of related crimes such as telecommunication network fraud,infringement of personal information and assistance in information network criminal activities seriously endanger people's property security and social stability.In order to meet the strong practical needs of severely cracking down on the above-mentioned crimes,there are difficulties in proving such matters as the determination of the amount of crime,the determination of the amount of personal information of batch citizens,and the determination of the subjective guilt of the actor.Relevant laws and regulations are increasingly creating presumption rules to resolve these difficulties.However,the presumption rule,while simplifying the method of proof and reducing the burden of proof of the prosecution,inverts the burden of proof to the defendant,which may impact the basic principle of the distribution of the burden of proof in criminal proceedings,and may also reduce the standard of proof of the case as a whole,and the presumption rules of'may'mode increase the risk of abuse of discretion.Therefore,the principle of the final applicability of criminal presumption should be adhered to,the standard of proof for the defendant to refute the presumption should be based on'reasonable doubt',and the creation of presumption rules should be minimized.

关 键 词：电信网络诈骗 推定规则 推定反驳 人权保障 预防性刑法 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]