佛风入墓:北魏平城墓葬佛教因素的演进  

The Evolution of Buddhist Factors in Pingcheng Tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty

作　　者：倪润安[1] Ni Run-An(School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University)

机构地区：[1]北京大学考古文博学院

出　　处：《丝绸之路研究集刊》2022年第1期113-175,489-491,共66页Journal of the Silk Road Studies

摘　　要：东晋十六国南北朝时期,此前流传范围有限的佛教,趁着频繁的战乱和人口迁徙,急速地传播和壮大起来,形成了巨大的声势,不仅取得上层统治者的大力支持,也更为广泛地深入普通民众中去。佛教由此在中国真正地扎下根来,加速了“中国化”进程,逐渐成为中华文明的重要组成部分。从北方地区的情形看,十六国时期的长安佛教、凉州佛教,为北魏平城佛教的发展奠定了基础。The Buddhist factors of the tombs in Pingcheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty experienced three stages of development and evolution,and its ups and downs reflected that the Buddhism in Pingcheng was directly controlled and intervened by the imperial power.In the first stage,during the period from Emperor Daowudi to Emperor Taiwudi,the Buddhist factors in pingcheng tombs grew from nothing.During the reign of Emperor Daowudi and Emperor Ming Yuan,the Buddhist factors did not penetrate into tombs.In the frst year of Taiyan(435)of Emperor Taiwu,the painted lacquer coffin of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Shaling was the first time to see buddhist elements characterized by continuous peach honeysuckle patterns.From then on to Taiping Zhenjun period(440-451),Buddhist elements appeared in the tomb murals or lacquered wood cofins in the form of honeysuckle patterns,lotus patterns,Buddhist figures,etc.,which have become a regular part of the new pattern of tomb images in Pingcheng.Honeysuckle lines are the most important.Compared with the silence of the previous 30 to 40 years,the development of Buddhist factors was quite fast.But this process from nothing to something was actually accompanied by the violent turbulence of Pingcheng Buddhism.In the second stage,from Emperor Wencheng to the early period of Emperor Xiaowen,the Buddhist factors in Pingcheng tombs were the most prosperous.Buddhist factors covered and influenced every aspect of the tomb,appearing in the tomb murals,various funerary utensils and their accessories,various types of pottery,as well as pottery horses,stone lamps,copper ornaments,lacquer plates and other relics of various materials.Compared with the previous stage,the tomb murals were reduced and tended to be simplified,so the images of funerary utensils and pottery mold decoration became the main way of expression of Buddhist factors.The specific manifestations of Buddhist factors were still honeysuckle patterns,lotus patterns and Buddhist figures.The most common honeysuckle lines were independent honeysu

关 键 词：十六国时期 北魏平城 上层统治者 凉州佛教 长安佛教 流传范围 人口迁徙 南北朝时期 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学] B948[历史地理—中国史] K878.8[哲学宗教—宗教学]