我国成年监护特殊需要信托制度之构建-美国特殊需要信托制度之借鉴  

Construction of Adult Guardianship Special Needs Trust in China Based on the Special Needs Trust in the United States

作　　者：陈雪萍[1] 张滋越 Chen Xueping;Zhang Ziyue(School of Law,South-central University for Nationalities,Hubei Wuhan 430074,China)

机构地区：[1]中南民族大学法学院,湖北武汉430074

出　　处：《上海财经大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2020年第1期137-152,共16页Journal of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics

摘　　要：积极应对人口老龄化是我国的一项长期战略目标,事关失智失能残疾老龄群体的福利保障和身心健康,关系到全体人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感。国家鼓励配套实施机制提供保障措施,尤其是法律制度的完善。我国《民法总则》虽然新增了意定监护和成年法定监护制度,但由于其与行为能力"挂钩"的桎梏,仍然无法妥当地保护成年失智失能者的合法利益。特殊需要信托是美国社会救助制度的一个重要补充,其服务对象主要是残疾人、精神病人、老龄人等弱势群体,其以信托的架构来为失智失能者保有社会救助资格,改善生活品质,提高生活质量。文章在分析我国成年监护制度现实不足之基础上,以美国特殊需要信托制度为借鉴,构筑特殊需要信托制度的模式和架构,力求为未来我国成年监护引入特殊需要信托制度提供路径导向,使特殊需要信托制度与成年监护的方式相结合,从而加强对身心障碍成年人的身心监护和财产权利的保护力度,为积极应对老龄化提供实施机制。It is a long-term strategic goal of our country to actively deal with the aging population,which is related to the welfare security and physical and mental health of the disabled aged group,and related to the sense of gain,happiness and security of all the people.The state encourages supporting implementation mechanisms to provide safeguards,especially the improvement of the legal system.At present,China is faced with the dilemma of the lack of social medical assistance system and the lack of family care mechanism for adults with mental disorders.In particular,although the general principles of civil law has added the voluntary guardianship system and the adult legal guardianship system,due to the shackles of its"link"with the capacity of behavior,it is still unable to properly protect the legitimate interests of adults with mental disabilities.Therefore,the introduction of the special needs trust system in the United States can meet the urgent needs,make up for the deficiency of the existing system,and meet the dual interests of adults with disabilities and their families.Special needs trust,also known as supplementary needs trust,is an important supplement rather than a replacement of the American social assistance system.It mainly serves the vulnerable groups such as the disabled,the mentally ill and the elderly.It uses the framework of trust to maintain the social assistance qualification for the mentally handicapped and improve the quality of life.There are three types of special needs trust,namely compensation trust,collection trust and third party special needs trust.Each of the three models has its own advantages and is designed for the specific needs of different groups of people.Families with disabilities are free to choose according to their own circumstances.If a compensation trust is established or the trust funds come from the collective trust of the beneficiary’s own assets,the government will be the remaining beneficiary.An important condition for the establishment of such special needs trust is

关 键 词：特殊需要信托 成年监护 社会救助 积极老龄化 

分 类 号：D922.1[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D923.1[政治法律—法学]