坚守与倒退:文化马克思主义与文化民粹主义的不同立场  

Adherence and Retrogression:Different Standpoints of Cultural Marxism and Cultural Populism

作　　者：肖祥 Xiao Xiang(Yangtze University)

机构地区：[1]长江大学人文学院

出　　处：《马克思主义美学研究》2020年第2期-,共16页Research on Marxist Aesthetics

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“马克思主义文学批评经典重铸与当代拓展研究”(19&ZD263)阶段性研究成果

摘　　要："民粹主义"已成为当今世界无法忽视的社会思潮,它在文化研究领域有与政治领域中相似的表现。麦克盖根将以威廉斯为代表的文化马克思主义称为"激进的文化民粹主义",将以费斯克为代表的文化民粹主义称为"不加批判的文化民粹主义",这一论断流布甚广,极易引起误解。在马克思主义的观照下可见二者具有明显的差异。文化马克思主义站在以工人阶级为代表的大众立场开展文化批判,肯定大众文化的价值,但并不排斥传统文化和精英文化;以费斯克为代表的文化民粹主义以"大众"消解"阶级",以商品意义的再生产抵抗文化霸权,可能使文化研究沦为符号游戏,也将"大众文化"孤立。二者的差异在于:是否完全以"大众"消解"阶级";是否以文化、符号抵抗取代政治、经济批判;是否不加批判地鼓吹大众文化、排斥其他文化形态。通过对文化马克思主义和文化民粹主义的辨析,也可以管窥中国马克思主义文学批评富有特色的理论形态。Nowadays,"Populism"has become a social trend of ideology that cannot be ignored.Populism has similar manifestation in the field of cultural studies as it does in the field of politics.McGuigan called cultural Marxism represented by Williams as"radical cultural populism"and the cultural populism represented by Fiske as the"uncritical cultural populism".This judgment is widespread and can easily cause misunderstanding.Cultural Marxism,which stands for the mass standpoints represented by the working class,carries out cultural criticism,affirms the value of mass culture,but does not reject traditional culture and elite culture.Cultural populism represented by Fiske uses"the mass"to decompose"class"and uses reproduction to resist cultural hegemony,which has turned cultural studies into symbolic games.Meanwhile,it has isolated popular culture.The difference between the two is whether to completely dispel"class"with"the mass";whether to replace political and economic criticism with cultural and symbolic resistance;whether to advocate popular culture and exclude other cultural forms without any criticism.Through the analysis of cultural Marxism and cultural populism,we can also see the distinctive theoretical form of Chinese Marxist literary criticism.

关 键 词：文化民粹主义 文化马克思主义 大众 阶级 文化 

分 类 号：G02[文化科学] A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]