文明兴衰视野下的“海上民族”考论  

Research on Role of the “Sea Peoples” in the Rise and Fall of Civilizations

作　　者：金寿福[1] Jin Shoufu

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系,上海200433

出　　处：《历史研究》2022年第4期104-124,222-223,共23页Historical Research

基　　金：国家社科基金中国历史研究院重大历史问题研究专项委托项目(20@WTH017)阶段性成果

摘　　要：“海上民族”一直被视为导致公元前12世纪前后爱琴海和东地中海地区多个政治体先后灭亡的罪魁祸首,其主要依据是埃及第十九王朝国王拉美西斯二世、麦内普塔和第二十王朝国王拉美西斯三世描写他们迎击“海上民族”的铭文。然而,埃及国王关于抗击“海上民族”的描写属于“国王神迹”题材,并不符合历史事实。而且,将“海上民族”置于黎凡特、安纳托利亚、塞浦路斯岛、克里特岛和爱琴海时空框架中进行考察可以发现,该区域文明衰亡的原因各不相同,绝非简单用“海上民族”所能解释。相反,该区域人口流动是文明衰亡造成的后果,而非其原因。实际上,“海上民族”是西方学者以古埃及国王夸大其词的铭文为基础,而建构起来的虚拟存在。The“Sea Peoples”have long been deemed responsible for the successive extinction of several Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean polities around the twelfth century BC.This is based mainly on the descriptions of conflict with the“Sea Peoples”contained in the inscriptions of RamesesⅡand Merneptah of the Egypt’s Nineteenth Dynasty,and RamesesⅢof the Twentieth Dynasty.However,these descriptions of the kings of Egypt battling the“Sea Peoples”belong to the theme of“King’s Miracles”,which are not consistent with historical fact.Moreover,a survey of the“Sea Peoples”in the spacetime frameworks of the Levant,Anatolia,Cyprus,Crete and the Aegean,reveals that the civilizations in these regions fell for reasons which varied between the regions,and were quite distinct from the simple explanation provided by the“Sea Peoples”.On the contrary,these regions’population movements are better seen as the consequences,rather than the cause,of civilizational collapse.In fact,the hypothesized existence of the“Sea Peoples”is a mere construct created by western scholars,based upon the exaggerated inscriptions of the ancient Egyptian kings.

关 键 词：文明兴衰 海上民族 埃及 爱琴海 地中海 

分 类 号：K107[历史地理—历史学]