三方合谋票据贴现中帮助贴现人的法律责任——兼论《票据法》第10条的法律后果  

Legal Liability of Channel Party in Triparty Conspiratorial Bills Discounting——Comment on the Legal Consequence of Article 10 of the Negotiable Instruments Law

作　　者：叶依梦 

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《金融监管研究》2022年第10期46-60,共15页Financial Regulation Research

摘　　要：三方合谋票据贴现是指贴现行为了实现向实际用资人融出资金的目的,明知帮助贴现人申请贴现的票据无真实交易背景却仍予以贴现。在这种情况下,当实际用资人无法归还全部款项而给贴现行造成资金损失时,帮助贴现人是否应承担责任以及责任性质,在理论和实务中都存在分歧。本文认为,在票据层面,票据行为不因基础交易合同或贴现合同的虚伪而成为虚假的意思表示,但帮助贴现人可以援引原因关系抗辩,拒绝向明知无真实交易背景的贴现行履行票据债务。在合同层面,帮助贴现人和贴现行之间是资金通道/服务关系,贴现合同因通谋虚伪而无效,贴现行不能就资金损失向帮助贴现人主张违约责任;隐藏行为是帮助贴现人提供资金通道/服务合同,该合同下帮助贴现人也不承担还款义务。但帮助贴现人故意实施违反票据真实交易背景监管规则的行为,造成贴现行的资金损失,应当按照过错程度承担补充侵权责任。贴现行对资金损失的发生和扩大也有过错的事实,虽然可减轻帮助贴现人的侵权责任,但不影响帮助贴现人侵权责任的成立。In triparty conspiratorial bill discounting,the bank discounts the bill with the perception that the bill is lack of real transaction background,so as to have the purpose of loaning money to the actual borrower.When the bank suffers from monetary loss due to the actual borrower’s failure to repay the loan,there is a controversy about whether the party who aids the actual borrower to apply for bill discounting should be liable for the bank’s loss,and if so,what types of the legal liability the aider should bear.This article argues that at the negotiable instrument level,though the underlying transaction is fake,the bill discounting itself is real.But the aider may refuse to perform the duty under the negotiable instrument,given that the bank knows that the underlying transaction is fake.At the contract level,the ill will of the bank causes the bill discounting contract to void as a false expression,which deprives the bank’s right to request the contractual liability against the aider.Though the aider is obliged to provide the lending channel for the bank and the actual borrower under the concealed service contract,it is not obliged to repay the money to the bank.On the other hand,the aider deliberately breaks the real bill rule,which causes the monetary loss of the bank,so the aider should bear the tort liability appropriate to its negligence.The bank’s contributory negligence could reduce the aider’s compensation,but may not influence the establishment of the aider’s tort liability.

关 键 词：票据真实交易背景 通谋虚伪 票据无因性 保护性法律 过失相抵 

分 类 号：D922.287[政治法律—经济法学]