世贸组织上诉机构不具合法性?:争端解决体系之危机及世贸组织成员的对策  

WTO Appellate Body without Legitimacy?:The Criticism of the Dispute Settlement System and the Response of the WTO Member States

作　　者：弗兰克·阿尔特莫勒 Frank Altemoller

机构地区：[1]德国明斯特大学法学院海关法和国际贸易法系

出　　处：《海关法评论》2022年第1期525-545,共21页Review of Customs Law

摘　　要：没有执行力的国际合约还有哪些实际价值?将来,如果世贸组织的争端解决体系被限制或取消,世界贸易体系中的多边条约还能赢得成员遵守世贸组织条约,相互承认权利,履行义务吗?乌拉圭回合的一个重要成果在于成员为世界贸易体系设置了一争端解决体系。但这一体系正不断受到越来越多的质疑。2020年12月,美国继续拒绝赞同空缺职位的任命,致使世贸组织的上诉机构无法履行其职责。美国贸易代表的报告试图为此提供正当理由,其核心论点是,上诉机构不具合法性。本文旨在讨论关于世贸组织争端解决形式的不同观点。作者认为,“抵制”世贸组织争端解决的主要原因不是如一些成员所宣称的在于争端解决体系及其运作中的不足。这一“抵制”应当被看作是争端解决体系之外多种因素导致的结果。在一个政治和贸易政策发生巨大变化的环境中,有一个观点正不断赢得认可和推崇。该观点认为,当前以多边自由贸易为指导思想的世界贸易体系越来越不能满足重要成员的重要经济利益了。这导致世贸组织获得的支持也越来越少了。但有没有迹象表明,改变多边框架就能适应改变了的环境呢?Is there any practical value to international agreements without enforcement instruments?And can the multilateral rules of the world trade system hold the trust of the Member States,so that they continue to adhere to the mutual benefits and obligations under WTO law-even if the WTO dispute settlement system is totally or even partially incapacitated?One of the key achievements of the Uruguay Round was that the Member States provided the world trade system with a dispute settlement system.However,this is increasingly being challenged:last December,the USA continued to withhold its consent for the required replacement of vacant positions,thus rendering the WTO Appellate Body indefinitely unable to carry out its function.The report by the US Trade Representative seeks to justify this with a central statement claiming that the Appellate Body lacks legitimacy.This article discusses the different viewpoints on the future shape of WTO dispute settlement.The author argues that the causes of the“blockade”in WTO dispute settlement are not,as some parties maintain,deficiencies in the dispute settlement system and its practice.Rather,the“blockade”should be viewed as the result of causes outside of the dispute settlement process itself.In a radically changed political and trade environment,an increasingly important view is becoming established,according to which the current world trade system,with its multilateral.liberalization concept,is less and less able to satisfy significant economic interests of important Member States.Consequently,the WTO is receiving ever diminishing support-but is there any sign that changing the multilateral framework will allow it to adapt to the changing conditions?

关 键 词：世界贸易体系 多边主义 上诉机构 抵制 争端解决机构 争端解决规则与程序 

分 类 号：D996.1[政治法律—经济法学]