远程控制与自主航运:基于英国案例的研究  

Remote Controlled and Autonomous Shipping:UK Based Case Study

作　　者：   郑睿(译)[1] 金皓峰(译) Baris Soyer;Andrew Tettenborn;Georgios Leloudas;ZHENG Rui;JIN Haofeng(Institute of International Shipping and Trade Law,Swansea University,SA28PP,UK;School of Law,Shanghai Maritime University,Shanghai 201306,China)

机构地区：[1]上海海事大学法学院,上海201306

出　　处：《海大法律评论》2022年第1期396-425,共30页SMU Law Review

基　　金：英国约克大学计算机科学系“确保自主运行的国际项目”

摘　　要：诸多公司和组织致力于研发可用于商业航运的海上自主水面船舶已有一段时间。新型技术的发展往往会领先于现有法律和监管框架,这意味着监管需要面临在短期内做出调整的风险,海上自主航行技术同样如此。强调待解决的监管和法律挑战,以简化英国领海内海上自主航行船舶的营运。因此,研究基于以下三个假设:第一,本文假定的船舶将完全在英国领海内航行,从赫尔航行到普利茅斯;第二,该船为英国船籍;第三,该船将拥有不同程度的自主性,即其将主要从斯旺西通过远程控制的方式运行,但在某些情况下可以开启自主航行或运行模式。处理海上自主航行船舶面临的法律和监管挑战将涉及不同监管机构的职责范围。例如,英国海事和海岸警卫署将为有关海上自主航行船舶的安全和技术要求提供监管解决方案。港口当局需要明确规定进入其管辖的区域的海上自主航行船舶应遵守的规定。港口当局同样需要处理有关引航的问题。此外,还需要修改立法,以便澄清与海上自主航行船舶相关的责任(碰撞责任和产品责任)、责任限制、海难救助、货物索赔和扣押等有关的事项,并解决可能出现的刑法问题。Various companies and organisations have been working for some time to develop Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships(MASSs)that can be used in commercial shipping.As it is often the case with emerging technologies,there is a risk that such technological developments might well be ahead of the current legal and regulatory framework and that adjustments in the regulatory sense will need to be made within a short period of time.The primary objective is to highlight the regulatory and legal challenges that need to be addressed so that MASSs can operate within UK territorial waters without complication.Thus,three assumptions have been made:i)the hypothetical vessel in question will navigate from Hull to Plymouth staying entirely within UK territorial waters;ii)this vessel is registered in the UK and iii)this craft will have a varying degree of autonomy,i.e.,it will be mainly controlled remotely(from Swansea)but will have autonomous navigation/operation-capability which will be activated in some cases.The Report concludes that it will be within the remit of different regulatory bodies to deal with the legal and regulatory challenges ahead.For example,the Marine and Coastguard Agency(MCA)is expected to provide regulatory solutions to issues concerning safety and technological requirements of MASSs.Port and harbour authorities need to specify the conditions that a MASS should comply with to gain access into areas that come under their jurisdiction.There is also a requirement to deal with issues concerning pilotage by competent harbour authorities.We also conclude that legislative changes are needed to clarify matters concerning liability(collusion liability and product liability),limitation of liability,salvage,cargo claims and arrest of MASSs as well as to deal with criminal law issues that might emerge.

关 键 词：智能航运 海上自主水面船舶 远程控制 无人航空器 法律和监管规范框架 

分 类 号：D956.1[政治法律—法学] D912.29