离婚协议下债权人撤销权制度的适用  

The Application of Creditor's Revocation Right System under Divorce Agreement

作　　者：田韶华[1] 赵泽 TIAN Shao-hua;ZHAO Ze(School of Law,Hebei University of Economics and Business,Shijiazhuang 050061,China)

机构地区：[1]河北经贸大学法学院,河北石家庄050061

出　　处：《河北法学》2024年第8期101-118,共18页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：2021年度国家社会科学基金项目“法典化时代中国民法的语言研究”(21BFX017)

摘　　要：离婚协议中的财产处理约定可以参照适用《民法典》合同编中的债权人撤销权制度。离婚财产处理约定是否为诈害债权行为,应采“相当性”标准,仅财产处理过当部分才构成诈害行为,而是否过当,应当综合考量离婚时当事人的状况、离婚财产分割原则、离婚协议整体、法律有关子女抚养费或离婚损害赔偿金的标准等因素予以判断。离婚财产处理约定诈害性的证明应采举证责任倒置的方式,即只要在债权实现时债务人无资力即可推定具有诈害性,相对人应对债务人在离婚协议签订时仍有资力承担举证责任。离婚协议之诈害行为属于无偿处分,撤销权的行使不以相对人具有恶意为条件。离婚协议之诈害债权行为的撤销系部分撤销,即仅针对财产处理过当部分,在债权范围内撤销。针对住宅等不可分割物的撤销,应当采取价格补偿而非整体撤销的方式。撤销权的行使仅对于债权人和相对人发生相对无效以及责任法上无效的后果,不影响债务人与相对人之间离婚协议的效力。The property disposal agreement in the divorce agreement should be applied to the creditor's revocation right system in the Contract Part of the Civil Code by reference.Whether the divorce property disposal agreement constitutes a fraudulent act should be judged according to the“equivalence”standard,and only the proper part of the property disposal that is handled excessively constitutes a fraudulent act.Whether the divorce property disposal agreement is excessive should be judged on the basis of comprehensive consideration of factors such as the situation of the parties at the time of divorce,the principle of divorce property division,the integrality of the divorce agreement,and the standard of child support or divorce damage compensation.The burden of proof of the fraudulent nature of the divorce property disposal agreement should be reversed,that is,as long as the debtor is insolvency when the creditor's right is realized,it can be presumed to be fraudulent,and the counterpart should bear the burden of proof the debtor still has ability to pay off debts when the divorce agreement is signed.The fraudulent act in divorce agreement belongs to gratuitous disposition act,and the exercise of revocation right is not conditional on the counterpart having bad faith.The revocation of fraudulent act in the divorce agreement is a partial revocation,that is,only the proper part of the property disposal that is handled excessively is rescinded within the scope of the claim.For the revocation of inseparable things such as housing,price compensation should be adopted rather than the overall cancellation.The exercise of the right of revocation only causes relative invalidity to creditors and counterparts,and does not affect the validity of the divorce agreement between the debtor and the counterpart.

关 键 词：离婚协议 债权人撤销权 相当性 部分撤销 相对无效 

分 类 号：DF522[政治法律—民商法学]