人工智能事故过失犯认定的中国方案:规范型塑与理论因应  

The Chinese Approach for the Determination of Negligent Crime in Artificial Intelligence Accidents:Normative Modeling and Theoretical Response

作　　者：贾济东 岳艾洁[1] JIA Ji-dong;YUE Ai-jie(School of Law and College for Criminal Law Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875;Center on the Rule of Law and Development,Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai,Zhuhai 519087,China)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学法学院暨刑事法律科学研究院,北京100875 [2]北京师范大学珠海校区法治发展研究中心,广东珠海519087

出　　处：《河北法学》2023年第10期57-78,共22页Hebei Law Science

基　　金：最高人民检察院2020年度理论课题“侦查监督事项规范化办理机制研究”(GJ2020C11)

摘　　要：数字经济时代,推进以人工智能等数字技术为治理对象的刑事法治建设是中国式法治现代化与国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要构成与关键保障。人工智能事故刑事风险客观存在且规模日趋扩大,将人工智能事故纳入我国刑法规制框架具有必要性。当前,人工智能事故中制造商的过失犯认定同时面临着规制罪名阙如的规范困境,以及因果关系、结果预见可能性与注意义务方面的理论困境。我国刑法应当确立过失产品刑事责任,在必要性、类型性与协调性原则的指导下动用立法论增设人工智能产品重大事故罪;运用解释论将人工智能产品制造商的注意义务类型化建构为安全生产义务与安全管理义务,推动过失犯归责模式向规范归责与客观归责转变,并以被允许的危险理论与信赖原则限定过失犯的成立范围,促使我国人工智能刑事治理实现安全与创新双重价值的动态平衡。In the digital economy age,promoting the construction of criminal rule of law with artificial intelligence and other digital technologies as the object is an important component and key safeguards of the modernization of Chinese-style rule of law and the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity.The criminal risk of artificial intelligence accident exists objectively and the scale is expanding day by day,so it is necessary to bring artificial intelligence accident into the framework of criminal law regulation in China.However,the determination of the manufacturer's negligence in artificial intelligence accidents is faced with the normative dilemma of the lack of regulatory charges,as well as the theoretical dilemma of causality,forseeability of result and the duty of care.The criminal law of our country should establish the negligent criminal liability of products,and use legislation theory to add the crime of artificial intelligence product accident under the guidance of the principles of necessity,typology and coordination;The interprative theory should be used to construct the duty of care of the manufacturer of artificial intelligence products into the duty of safety production and safety management,and promote the transformation of the liability mode of negligent crime to the normative imputation and objective imputation,and defines the scope of negligent crime with the doctrine of permissible danger and the trust principle,so as to promote the dynamic balance of safety and innovation in the criminal governance of artificial intelligence in our country.

关 键 词：中国式现代化 数字法治 人工智能产品 产品刑事责任 过失犯 

分 类 号：DF611[政治法律—刑法学]