证明责任视角下越权代表的规范适用问题研究——以《民法典》第504条为中心展开  

Research on the Normative Application of Ultra Vires Representative from the Perspective of Burden of Proof——Focusing on Article 504 of the Civil Code

作　　者：王刚 要亚玲[2] WANG Gang;YAO Ya-ling(School of Law,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620;Hebei Professional College of Political Science and Law,Shijiazhuang 050061,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学法律学院,上海201620 [2]河北政法职业学院,河北石家庄050061

出　　处：《河北法学》2022年第12期182-200,共19页Hebei Law Science

摘　　要：以《民法典》第504条为中心,并辅之该法第61条第2、3款和《公司法》(第16条为代表)相关规定共同构成了法定代表人超越权限为代表行为的规范体系。越权代表行为的规范适用的核心是要件事实的证明责任分配,既是民事诉讼的逻辑起点,又于诉讼终结时决定司法裁判。司法审判中越权代表的规范适用路径为:首先,进行证明责任的规范性质识别;其次,在当事人之间就要件事实进行证明责任的分配。一般情况下,当事人应就于己有利的规范要件负证明责任。最后,区分代表权限制类型,根据立法精神与规范意旨进行修正,以实现司法裁判的实体正义。在约定限制下,应由法人对相对人为“恶意”负证明责任;在法定限制下,应由相对人对其为“善意”负证明责任。法定限制下相对人对“善意”的证明体现在审查对象和审查标准两个方面,一般担保和关联担保涉及的审查对象不同,但相对人均应尽到一般理性社会人的审慎的形式审查义务。Taking article 504 of the Civil Code as the center,supplemented by paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 61 of the Civil Code Law and the relevant provisions of the Company Law(Article 16 as the representative)together constitute the normative system of the legal representative’s behavior of exceeding his authority as the representative.The core of the application of the norms of ultra vires representative behavior is the distribution of the burden of proof of elements and facts,which is not only the logical starting point of civil litigation,but also determines the judicial judgment at the end of the litigation.The normative application path of ultra vires representative in judicial trial are as follows:Firstly,identify the normative nature of the burden of proof;Secondly,the burden of proof is distributed among the parties on the important facts.In general,the parties should bear the burden of proof for the normative elements that are beneficial to themselves.Finally,distinguish the types of representation restrictions and amend them according to the legislative spirit and normative intention,so as to realize the substantive justice of judicial judgment.Under the agreed restrictions,the legal person shall bear the burden of proof for the“bad faith”of the opposite party;under legal restrictions,the opposite party shall bear the burden of proof for its“good faith”.The proof of“good faith”by the counterpart under legal restrictions is reflected in two aspects:the review object and review standard.The review objects involved in general guarantee and related guarantee are different,but the counterpart should fulfill the prudent formal review obligation of general rational social person.

关 键 词：法定代表人 越权代表 证明责任分配 规范说 合理审查 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.291.91[政治法律—法学]