医师的紧急救助义务及展开  

The Obligation and Expansion of Doctor’s Emergency Rescue

作　　者：余秋莉 YU Qiuli

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学法学院

出　　处：《刑法论丛》2022年第1期309-334,共26页Criminal Law Review

基　　金：安徽省哲学社会科学规划青年项目《生物安全犯罪防控一体化研究》(项目编号:AHSKQ2022D122)

摘　　要：医师通常对急危患者负有紧急救助义务,除非患者本人或其家属明确表示放弃抢救,不过此种情形下的抢救仍可依据紧急避险免责。对于医师拒不履行紧急救助义务而危及患者生命的,我国现行刑法不足应对,又暂不适宜增设“见危不救罪”,故有必要修改完善遗弃罪的规定以填补刑罚漏洞。一方面,我国遗弃罪规定的“扶养义务”是指法律上存在扶养关系的人负有的义务,并不包括紧急救助义务。另一方面,见危不救属于典型的不作为,如果不作为行为与杀人的作为行为不具有等价性,则无法适用故意杀人罪处罚,以过失致人死亡罪处理则无法达到事前规制的效果。因此,只有将遗弃罪的“扶养义务”改为“扶助义务”,同时增加遗弃致人死伤行为的加重处罚,才能更为妥善地应对诸如医师等特殊主体实施的见危不救行为。Doctors generally have the obligations to rescue patients in emergencies,unless the patients or their family members explicitly give up on the rescue.But even failures in such rescue cases can be exempted from liability based on necessity.For those whose refusal to perform the emergency rescue duty endangers the lives of patients,the effectiveness of China’s current Criminal Law in dealing with such situation is insufficient.However,in the current situation,it is not suitable to criminalize the behavior of“failure to render emergency aid”.Hence,there is an urgent need to revise and supplement the regulations on the crime of abandonment to cover the loopholes in the penalty.On the one hand,the fostering duty stipulated in the crime of abandonment in China refers to the obligation of the person bound to furnish due support in accordance with the law,excluding the obligation of emergency aid.On the other hand,the behavior of“failure to render emergency aid”is a typical omission.If the omission is not equivalent to the act of homicide,punishments for intentional homicide shall not be applied to the omission,while the crime of negligent homicide shall no longer bear the effect of ex ante regulations.Therefore,only by modifying the“fostering duty”stipulated in the crime of abandonment into“fostering and rescue duty”and setting tougher punishment for the behavior of abandonment that leads to death and injury,can the behavior of“failure to render emergency aid”by such special subjects as doctors be handled properly.

关 键 词：见危不救 紧急救助义务 扶养义务 遗弃罪 不作为 

分 类 号：D922.16[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D923[政治法律—法学]