民粹主义对欧洲人权法院的挑战  

The Populist Challenge to the European Court of Human Rights

作　　者： 范继增(译) 郭于羲(译) Jan Petrov

机构地区：[1]马萨里克大学法学院司法研究所(JUSTIN) [2]山东工商学院法学院 [3]意大利比萨圣安娜大学 [4]四川大学法学院 [5]四川大学人权与法律研究中心

出　　处：《厦门大学法律评论》2022年第1期87-123,共37页Xiamen University Law Review

摘　　要：本文从近期欧洲出现的非比寻常的民粹主义浪潮的视角分析欧洲人权法院的现状。笔者发现如果欧洲人权法院司法审查与民粹主义意识形态发生冲突,那么后者将会对前者形成严重和特殊的挑战。民粹主义独特性威胁的根源在于它将民粹主义的意识形态基础、其广泛的吸引力和动员普通民众的能力,以及民粹主义者消除自身权力限制的倾向相结合。针对最后一个特征,本文将介绍民粹主义对抗欧洲人权法院的技术手段,进行分类,并且全面分析欧洲人权法院的机构设置。笔者在结论部分认为尽管欧洲人权法院在财政预算和法官人员的遴选等事务中未达到完美的境地,但是尚能抵制民粹主义者对其结构性特征和司法人员的攻击。但是,民粹主义者用包括“责骂叙事”的在内手段,采取了强有力的反人权法院的措施,即通过去合法化(delegitimization)途径逐渐削弱欧洲人权法院的权威性与合法性。由于欧洲人权法院在过去十年中不能很好地应对合法性挑战,所以民粹主义的策略切中了欧洲人权法院的要害。因此,面对民粹主义的挑战,欧洲人权法院需要注意管理自身的社会正当性。This article analyzes the European Court of Human Rights(ECtHR)from the perspective of the recent extraordinary wave of populism in Europe.It argues that populism poses a serious and distinctive challenge to the ECtHR since supranational judicial review is at odds with the populist ideology.What makes the populist challenge distinctive is the combination of the ideological basis of populism,its wide appeal and capacity to reach ordinary people,and populists’tendency to remove limitations on their power.With respect to the last point,the article introduces a categorization of anti-court techniques and takes stock of the ECtHR’s institutional setting.It concludes that although the situation is not perfect-the budget and judicial selection are especially problematic-the ECtHR is rather well insulated from eventual attacks targeting its structural features or the judicial personnel.However,including the ECtHR in the“narrative of blame”,populism is very strong in another anti-court strategy-achieving gradual erosion of a court through delegitimization.That is particularly threatening for the ECtHR due to its vulnerability to legitimacy challenges manifested in the past decade.As a result,the populist challenge will likely require careful management of the ECtHR’s social legitimacy.

关 键 词：欧洲人权公约 欧洲人权法院 民粹主义 反法院策略 宪法特征 

分 类 号：D08[政治法律—政治学] D998.2