商周写实类动物造型青铜容器相关问题研究  

Research on Related Issues about Realistic Animal-shaped Bronzes in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty

作　　者：于筱筝 Yu Xiaozheng(Jinan Museum)

机构地区：[1]济南市博物馆

出　　处：《东方考古》2022年第1期63-107,共45页East Asia Archaeology

摘　　要：商周时期是我国青铜文化发展的鼎盛时期,以鸟兽觥、鸟兽尊、鸟兽卣为代表的写实动物造型青铜容器的出现,标志着青铜器跨时代的变化,它们的出现改变了旧礼制下青铜礼器的组合和造型,在艺术上也进入了商代的最高境界。商周时期,写实动物造型青铜容器存在着显著的时代差异及地域差异,从现有的实物资料来看,商代后期,写实动物造型青铜器开始出现,尤其进入西周之后不断成熟并高速发展。至春秋战国时期逐渐开始衰落。而进入秦汉以后,这类青铜器就很难见到了。包括动物种类、艺术风格以及功用所呈现的诸多变化,都与宗教和审美等相关问题密切相关。而写实动物造型青铜容器作为直观的实物资料也是动物地理分布问题及文化传播的重要佐证。同时,从青铜器的写实动物造型所反映出的特征和风格也可窥见人类对某一种动物的态度变化,不管是与人类生产生活密切相关,还是作为图腾崇拜,都能在器物中得到印证。Shang and Zhou Dynasty is the golden age of Chinese bronze culture,the growth of realistic animal-shaped bronzes which are represented for animal-shaped Gong,Zun,You marks epochal changes of Chinese bronze.They change the combination and model of bronze sacrificial ware under the old ritual system,and attain greatness in the arts.There are apparent differences of realistic animal-shaped bronzes in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty,from real objects,it can be seen that realistic animal-shaped bronzes like Zun developed rather rapidly in the late Shang Dynasty.In particular,the stage of the Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty can be regarded as the peak of its development.Although they continued to develop during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States,its development became slower.After entering the Qin and Han Dynasties,such bronzes were rarely seen.These changes,such as animal species,artistic style and functions,are closely related to religious and aesthetic issues.Meanwhile,as real objects,realistic animal-shaped bronzes can be an important evidence for the geographical distribution of animals and cultural communication.The characteristics and styles reflected in the realistic animal-shaped bronzes are used to analyze the changes in attitudes that people held towards animals.Actually,the realistic animalshaped bronzes are closely related to human production and life as well as totem worship.

关 键 词：商至西周 动物造型 青铜容器 差异研究 

分 类 号：K876.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K223[历史地理—历史学] K224