舜窜三苗与禹征三苗再认识——兼谈良渚文化族属  

Recognition of Shun Expelling Sanmiao and Yu Conquering Sanmiao

作　　者：常兴照 Chang Xingzhao(China Cultural Heritage Information and Consulting Center)

机构地区：[1]中国文物信息咨询中心

出　　处：《东方考古》2022年第1期19-38,共20页East Asia Archaeology

摘　　要：三苗为古史中的一大集团,与炎、黄、虞、夏都有着征战关系,声威赫赫。长期以来,学界多把其与南蛮混在一起。从文献记载分析,苗、蛮存在明显的区别,实属不同的民族。其地理方位应该在长江下游的太湖和鄱阳湖周边地区。从考古学文化分析,分布于长江下游的良渚文化,属于三苗民族的物质文化。三苗与北方地区的文化交集,表现在与蚩尤、帝舜和大禹等集团的争夺和讨伐。蚩尤时期,三苗被征服,蚩尤成为九黎族(包括三苗)君长;崧泽文化中的北辛和大汶口早期文化因素,就是这次征服的文化表象。帝舜时期,东夷民族通过文征武战,“修教三年,执干戚舞,有苗乃服”,并派员“窜三苗于三危”。其迁徙路线是沿着江西、广东、湘西、桂黔地区到达四川盆地的。江西地区的樊城堆文化、广东地区的石峡文化、桂黔地区史前文化,直至四川地区的宝墩文化、三星堆文化,都保存了这次迁徙与交流的文化现象。大禹时期,大禹民族借着水患、地震和血雨、夏冰、五谷变化等极端灾害,“扼矢有苗之祥,苗师大乱,后乃遂几”,彻底摧毁了良渚文化。杭嘉湖地区的广富林文化以及大禹在宁绍地区的传说及大禹陵、禹王庙等历史遗迹,都属于这一事件的文化孑遗。Sanmiao was a large group in ancient history,who had a war relationship with Yan,Huang,Yu and Xia.For a long time,scholars have mixed it with Nanman.From the analysis of literature records,there were obvious differences between Miao and Man,which belonged to diflferent nationalities.Its geographical location should be in the areas around Taihu Lake and Poyang Lake in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.From the analysis of archaeological culture,Liangzhu Culture distributed in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River belonged to the material culture of the Sanmiao nationality.The cultural intersection between Sanmiao and the north was reflected in the competition and crusade with Chiyou,Shun and Dayu groups.During Chiyou period,Sanmiao was conquered and Chiyou became the leader of Jiuli nationality(including Sanmiao).The cultural factors of Beixin and early Dawenkou in Songze Culture were the cultural phenomenon of this conquest.During Emperor Shun's period,the Dongyi nationality"taught for three years,performed Gan and Qi dance,and had Miao convinced,,s and sent personnel to"flee the Sanmiao in three dangers".Its migration route was along Jiangxi,Guangdong,Western Hunan,Guangxi and Guizhou to Sichuan Basin.Fanchengdui Culture in Jiangxi,Shixia Culture in Guangdong,prehistoric culture in Guangxi and Guizhou,Baodun Culture and Sanxingdui Culture in Sichuan had preserved the cultural phenomenon of this migration and exchange.During the Dayu period,the Dayu nationality completely destroyed the Liangzhu Culture by taking advantage of extreme disasters such as flood,earthquake,blood rain,summer ice and grain changes.The Guangfulin Culture in Hangjiahu area,the legend of Dayu in Ningshao area and the historical sites such as Dayu mausoleum and Yuwang Temple all belonged to the cultural relics of this event.

关 键 词：帝舜 大禹 三苗 良渚 三星堆 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] C95[历史地理—历史学]