单身女性“生殖力保存”侵权责任之解释论  

An Interpretation of Tort Liability in Fertility Preservation of Single Women

作　　者：王康 

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院法律学院

出　　处：《东方法学》2023年第1期120-132,共13页Oriental Law

基　　金：国家社科基金后期资助项目“基因正义论:人类基因技术多维风险的法律控制”(项目批准号:19FFXB043)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：我国首例“单身女性冻卵案”引发了国内外广泛关注。在此新型侵权责任纠纷案中,应以民法典第1165条第1款为受害人的请求权基础。医疗机构拒绝向单身女性提供冻卵服务的不作为,科学性基础欠缺,法理正当性不足,具有多维加害性。冻卵的本质在于“生殖力保存”,不必然指向辅助生殖技术的应用。从现行法规范来看,受害人受有损害,但医疗机构的不作为并未侵害其“一般人格权中的生育权”。受害人的受损害法益的价值内核系自由和平等。前者以“身体权”(而非一般人格权范畴的“人身自由”或所谓“人身自由权”)为法律表达,以民法典第1003条为规范基础;后者以“人格尊严”(而非所谓“平等权”和“人格尊严权”)为法律表达,以民法典第990条第2款为规范基础。医疗机构之不作为不能从部门规章和规范性文件中的禁令得到辩护,其因违反法定注意义务而具有过错,满足有责性要件。在此解释论基础上,可以整理出一个适用于单身女性“生殖力保存”侵权责任类型的一般法规则。从权利本位、医学伦理和功利主义视角看,基于国家鼓励生育的人口政策趋势,未来对“生殖力保存”应采开放但非任意的立场,并形成一个合理的规制体系。The first egg freezing case in China has sparked domestic and international attention.In this new type of tort liability,the first paragraph 1 of Article 1165 of the Civil Code should be the basis for the victim to make claims.The refusal of medical institutions to provide egg freezing service lacks both scientific grounds and legitimacy,which may cause multidimensional harmful effects.The essence of egg freezing is the preservation of fertility,not necessarily concerned with the assisted reproductive technology.According to current law,the victim suffered damage,but the medical institution did not infringe on her"reproductive right"arising from the general personality right.The core values of the victim’s damaged legal interests include liberty and equality.The former takes the"right of body"(rather than"personal liberty"or the so-called"right to personal liberty")as its legal expression and takes Article 1003 of the Civil Code as its normative basis.The latter takes"personal dignity"(instead of the so-called"right to equality"and"right to personal dignity")as its legal expression and takes the second paragraph of Article990 of the Civil Code as its normative basis.The medical institution cannot be defended from the prohibition in departmental rules and normative documents.It is at fault for violating the statutory duty of care,and meet the requirements of liability.Based on this interpretation,a set of general rules that can be applied to the tort liability of fertility preservation can be formulated.From the perspectives of rights,medical ethics and utilitarianism,based on the population policy trends of encouraging birth,a more open but not arbitrary stand on fertility preservation should be adopted and a reasonable regulatory system should be formed in the future.

关 键 词：单身女性冻卵 生殖力保存 请求权基础 一般人格权 人格尊严 身体权 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.16[政治法律—法学]