合理预见规则的解释论  

On the Interpretation of Reasonable Foresight Rule

作　　者：崔建远[1] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《东方法学》2022年第4期171-180,共10页Oriental Law

摘　　要：合理预见规则,又叫应当预见规则,在法国民法、英美法和中国法上是限制损害赔偿的范围的措施之一,体现了理性主义及主观归责的理念,旨在避免赔偿数额过高以平衡违约方和受害人之间的利益关系。借鉴英美法成功的经验,我国民法典上的预见主体应为违约方,预见的时间点在合同订立之时,预见的内容为损害的类型而无须预见损害的程度、具体数额。对于“一般损失”的赔偿,不以违约方预见为条件;对于“特别损失”的赔偿,以守约方于缔约时通知了相对人为条件,若未通知,则相对人不可预见这部分损失,可不予赔偿。在推定违约方知情的情况下,以一个“理性人”的预见力为准。在违约方真正知情“特别损失”的要求中,基本上是以守约方事先告知相对人若违约会造成何种损失来决定的。至于合理预见与因果关系之间的关系,宜采取如下观点:对合理预见的时间点采取“合同订立时说”,实质上以违约方的预见所及确定应予赔偿的损失,用于确定责任范围的因果关系形同虚设;若采“债务不履行时说”,因果关系的地位和作用大为提升。Reasonable foresight rule is a measure to limit the scope of damage compensation in the French,Anglo-American and Chinese civil laws.It reflects the principles of reasonableness and subjective attribution of responsibility,intends to avoid overt damage compensation and balances the interest relationship between the violators and the infringed.Based on the experience of the Anglo-American law,the party that should foresee a wrongful act is borne by the violator,the time that such foresight should be made is the time when the contract is concluded,and the contents subject to foresight are the types of damages not the degree of damage and amount of damages.The compensation for general loss is not based on the violator’s foresight.The compensation for special loss is based on notice of the other party by the party who abides by the contract,if no notice is issued,the part of the damage caused by other party not foreseeing may not be compensated.Under the circumstance that the breaching party is presumed to be aware,the compensation will be made based on the foresight of a reasonable man.The compensation for special loss when the violator truly knows is basically determined by what kind of loss would be caused if the other party is informed in advance by the party who abides by the contract.With regard to the relation between reasonable foresight and causality,following opinions may be adopted.If the time for reasonable foresight is the time when the contract is concluded,the compensation losses in essence are determined by the scope of the foresight of the breaching party,the causality that is intended to determine the scope of responsibility is ineffective.If the time for reasonable foresight is the time of debt default,the status and function of causality will be improved.

关 键 词：合理预见规则 预见的主体 预见的时间 预见的内容 判断预见性的标准 损害赔偿 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]