《民法典》视域下的权利失效制度及其立法研究  

Research on the System of Invalidation of Rights and its Legislation from the Perspective of the Civil Code

作　　者：黎珞 LI Luo

机构地区：[1]英国伦敦大学国王学院

出　　处：《北方法学》2022年第4期81-92,共12页Northern Legal Science

基　　金：湖南省哲学社会科学基金青年项目“环境污染强制责任保险法律规制研究”(18YBQ098)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：权利失效制度的目的是为了保护权利相对人之信赖利益,权利人在经过一定期间未行使权利,使相对人信任权利人不会再行使该权利,如权利人再为行使有违诚信原则,权利之行使则应予禁止。权利失效制度的法理基础是诚信原则与禁止权利滥用原则,需满足时间、状况、信赖三个要件才予适用。权利失效的适用范围广泛,但物权返还请求权中只有未登记之动产与不动产之返还请求权才能适用权利失效。权利失效制度的法律后果既可以是权利一段时期内暂不生效力,也可以是权利完全归于消灭,裁判者应依据比例原则并结合权利之属性在个案中适用这两类法律后果。基于权利失效可适用于《民法典》各编相关之民事权利,以及运用诚信原则推导权利失效的不可靠性,《民法典》修法时应采用在总则编增加一般条款的模式确立权利失效制度。The purpose of the system of invalidation of rights is to protect the reliance interests of the opposite party of obligee.Where the obligee fails to exercise his/her right after a certain period of time,which renders the opposite party trust that the obligee will no longer exercise the right,and then if the obligee violates the principle of good faith to exercise that right again,this action should be prohibited.The legal basis of the system of invalidation of rights is the principle of good faith and the principle of prohibiting abuse of rights.This system can be applied only if the requirements of time,condition and reliance are met.The scope of application of the invalidation of rights is very wide.Regarding the real right claim,the system can simply be applied for the claim against the return of unregistered movable and immovable property.The legal consequence of the system of invalidation of rights can be either the rights do not take effect for a period of time,or the rights are completely eliminated.The judge should apply these two kinds of legal consequences in a case according to the principle of proportionality and the attribute of rights.Based on the fact that the invalidation of rights can be applied to the civil rights related to each part of the civil code,and the unreliability of deriving the invalidation of rights by using the principle of good faith,the model of adding general provisions to the general part of the civil code should be adopted to establish the invalidation system of rights.

关 键 词：权利失效 诚信原则 比例原则 立法模式 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]