论名誉权保护的刑民协调必要性——以行为人主观状态为中心  

On the Necessity of Coordination between Criminal and Civil Personnel in the Protection of Reputation Right——Focusing on the Subjective State of the Perpetrator

作　　者：王伟伟[1] WANG Wei-wei

机构地区：[1]北京市社会科学院法治研究所

出　　处：《北方法学》2022年第4期65-80,共16页Northern Legal Science

基　　金：北京市社会科学院2022年度重点项目“数字经济立法基础理论问题研究”(2022A6830)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：我国刑法与民法对名誉权的保护存在差异。在损害他人名誉事实非真实性的主观状态上,刑法采“故意捏造”标准,而民法采“合理核实义务”标准。虽然法律部门差异和刑法谦抑可作为解释理由。但我国的刑民差异与美、德等国不同,这些国家均有其实现刑民协调关系的机制。就体系性而言,我国诽谤法律调整的刑民差异导致法秩序整体的不协调。就价值判断而言,刑法的标准导致言论自由处于优势保护地位,在民法上言论自由与名誉权则处于同等的位阶,刑民差异与宪法价值秩序统一原则相悖。就实际效果而言,刑法将未尽合理审核义务的不实言论排除在外,将造成名誉权刑法保护的畸轻或畸重。刑法与民法均以合理核实义务标准为基本规则更可取。在涉及公众人物或公共利益以及多次转发等情形,刑法与民法对于名誉权保护也存在协调的必要性。There are differences in the protection of the right of reputation between China’s Civil Law and Criminal Law.In the subjective state of the untrueness of facts that harm the reputation of others,the Criminal Law adopts the standard of“deliberate fabrication”,while the Civil Law adopts the standard of“reasonable verification obligation”.Although differences in legal departments and penal modesty can be used as justifications.However,the differences between Criminal and Civil in China are different from those in the United States,Germany and other countries,which all have their own institutional basis for realizing the coordination between criminal and civil relations.As far as the system is concerned,the difference between criminal and civil regulations adjusted by China’s Defamation Law leads to the overall disharmony of the legal order.As far as value judgments are concerned,the standards of the Criminal Law lead to freedom of speech in a dominant and protective position,while in the Civil Law,freedom of speech and the right of reputation are in the same position,and the difference between the two is contrary to the principle of unity of constitutional value order.In terms of practical effects,the Criminal Law excludes false statements that have not fulfilled its reasonable review obligations,which will cause the Criminal Law protection of the right of reputation to be abnormally heavy.It is preferable for both criminal and civil rules to adopt the standard of reasonable verification obligation as the basic rule.In cases involving public figures or the public interest,as well as multiple forwards,there is also a need for coordination between Criminal and Civil Law for the protection of the right of reputation.

关 键 词：名誉权 诽谤 言论自由 刑民关系 合理核实义务 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学] D923[政治法律—法学]