20世纪前欧美所绘广州城市地图演化脉络的初探  

Tentative Discussion on the Evolution of Canton CityMap Drew by Europeansand Americans before 20th Century

作　　者：孙昌麒麟 

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学人文学院

出　　处：《都市文化研究》2020年第2期98-126,共29页Urban Cultural Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“外国所绘近代中国城市地图集成与研究”(15ZDB039);国家社科基金项目“日军测制中国城镇聚落地图整理与研究”(19BZS152)研究成果

摘　　要：欧美所绘广州地图的演化过程可分为"意象绘图""写实绘图""局部区域实测""全城实测"和"大量补充地名信息编绘"五阶段.其中,前四个阶段是向"近代化"意义实测地图发展的进程,第五阶段发生于20世纪初,是这一过程的成熟阶段.今日所见属于前四阶段的欧美所绘广州地图约有二十余幅,讨论它们的绘制过程、图文内容和图式特点,可总结出其发展历程与规律,并从中了解欧美对广州城市地理认知的演变经过.早期欧美所绘地图都是意象式绘图,不注重客观地理表达,有较强的随意性;进入"写实阶段"的地图利用翻印中国传统舆图而提高了地图准确性,并在自绘地图中引入了比例尺等"近代化"符号.两次鸦片战争对欧美所绘广州城市地图有深远影响,推动其进入"实测"时代.以十三行等地"局部区域实测"为先机,进而推展至"全城实测"."第二次鸦片战争军事用图"和"富文广州地图"两套系列地图是"全城实测"阶段的成果,也为最终的近代实测地图的出现奠定基础.分析各阶段之间的发展过程,可知欧美地图使用者的需求是影响地图演化的重要因素.The evolution process of Canton city map drew by Europeans and Americans can consist of five phases,"imagery mapping""realistic mapping""mapping of local regions""mapping of the whole city"and"muchplace information supplement".The first four phases belong to the development of realistic mapping with"modernized"significance and the fifth occurring in the beginning of 20th century is a mature phase in the whole process.Currently,around more than 20 maps of Canton city mapped by Europeans and Americans belong to the first four phases.This essay will discuss the mapping process,graphic contents and graphic features to conclude its development history and regulation and to understand Europeans and Americans with their evolution process of Canton’s geographic recognition.In the early phase,the maps drew by Europeans and Americans were all imagery maps which failed to express the objective geographic information with obvious randomness.The maps in the"realistic mapping phase"were reproduced from traditional Chinese map to improve their accuracy and were incorporated with"modernized"symbols such as scales.The First Opium War and the Second Opium War have an in-depth influence on Canton city maps drew by Europeans and Americans which were pushed into the"realistic mapping"phase,from"mapping of local regions"implemented as an opportunity in the places like thirteen hongs of Canton to"mapping of the whole city".The two sets of series maps,Military Map of the Second Opium War and Map of Canton Prepared by Vrooman,were the achievements reached in the phase of"mapping of the whole city",laying the foundation of modernrealistic mapping.This essay will analyze the development of different phases to learn that the demands of those Europeans and Americans who use the maps,as an important factor,influence the evolution of maps.

关 键 词：近代城市地图 欧美所绘地图 地图演化脉络 广州 

分 类 号：K992.6[历史地理—人文地理学]