冬油菜在西北旱寒区的适应性和北移的可行性研究  

Study on Adaptation and Introduction Possibility of Winter Rapeseed to Dry and Cold Areas in Northwest China

作　　者：孙万仓[1] 马卫国[2] 雷建民[3] 刘秦[4] 杨仁义[5] 武军艳[1] 王学芳[1] 叶剑[1] 曾军[1] 张亚宏[1] 康艳丽[1] 郭秀娟[1] 魏文惠[1] 杨杰[1] 蒲媛媛[1] 曾潮武[1] 刘红霞[4] 

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学农学院作物遗传育种系,兰州730070 [2]甘肃畜牧工程职业技术学院,武威733006 [3]甘肃省天水市农业科学研究所,天水741000 [4]甘肃省张掖市农业科学研究所,张掖734000 [5]甘肃酒泉市农业科学研究所,酒泉735000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2007年第12期2716-2726,共11页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家支撑计划项目;甘肃省农业生物技术研究与应用开发项目(GNSW-2005-09);甘肃省科技攻关计划项目(2GS064-A41-001-07);甘肃省自然科学基金资助项目(3GS061-A25-076)资助

摘　　要：【目的】对不同冬油菜类型和品种在西北旱寒区的越冬抗寒性、适应性进行分析比较,研究冬油菜北移的可行性。【方法】在张掖、酒泉等不同生态条件下,对55份不同类型和来源的冬油菜品种(系)的抗寒性、经济性状、生育期、含油率、产量表现等进行了研究分析。【结果】在西北旱寒区海拔1477～2300m、极端最低气温-22.7～-31.6℃、年平均气温5.9～8.7℃、年平均降水量92.0～630mm、无霜期150～172d的地区,甘蓝型和白菜型两种类型的冬油菜,仅白菜型冬油菜能够越冬,越冬率最高达到100.00%,生长发育正常,且表现出良好的适应性和农艺性状,生育期275～295d,含油率40.84%～44.15%,产量1500.0～4400.3kg·ha-1。不同白菜型冬油菜品种(系)抗寒性和适应性存在巨大差异,越冬率0～100%。根据越冬率与抗寒性,可将参试白菜型冬油菜品种(系)划分为超强抗寒性、强抗寒性、抗寒性和弱抗寒性品种(系)4种类型。在乌稍岭以东地区,一般抗寒品种(系)均能越冬,但在河西走廊,只有超强抗寒性品种(系)和强抗寒性品种(系)才能越冬,【结论】在西北旱寒区,发展白菜型冬油菜生产是可行的,从而使冬油菜栽培种植北界向北向西延伸1000多公里,海拔由1000m提高到2300m左右,纬度由35°30′提高到39°46′。冬油菜北移进入中国西北旱寒区种植能够有效地增加该区冬春季植被覆盖度,同时为该区发展一年二熟耕作制创造了条件,具有显著的经济效益和生态效益,对促进北方寒区冬油菜生产和农业的可持续发展、生态环境建设具有十分重要的意义。【Objective】The experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of expanding winter rapeseed northwards into dry and cold regions in northwest China and screening of the winter type rapeseeds cultivars adapted to this area.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in 2001-2006 at 10 locations in northwest China’s Gansu Province where latitude ranges 35°30′-39°46′N, elevation ranges 1 477-2 300 m, precipitation ranges 92.0-630 mm, and annual average temperature ranges 5.9-8.7 ℃.【Result】The 40 Brassica napus cultivars or breeding lines tested did not survive the local winter. All the 15 native B. rapamaterials tested had >70% overwintering rates at most locations. At Jiuquan, the northernmost location, only the ultra winter-hardy lines MXW-1 and DQW-1 survived the winter. The B. rapa winter rapeseed had desirable agronomic characteristics and outyielded spring rapeseed and flax. Its early maturity maximized the multiple crop index and increased unit land cash return. 【Conclusion】 As a winter cover crop, it may eliminate a dust source that furnishes the damaging sand storms in northern China. It is not only possible but also beneficial economically, environmentally and ecologically to grow winter rapeseed in dry and cold regions in northwest China.

关 键 词：冬油菜 西北旱寒区 适应性 北移 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]