论中国历史上的宗教与国家的关系  

On the Relationship between the State and Religion in Chinese History

作　　者：黄心川[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院亚太研究所

出　　处：《世界宗教研究》1998年第1期5-13,160,共10页Studies in World Religions

摘　　要：宗教与国家的关系，在中国古代也就是皇权与神权的关系。我国自远古夏商周三代起直至清末为止一直被专制君主统治着，以君权至上为核心，使政治、伦理与宗教三者构成了一体化的国家体制。作者从这个观点出发，系统地、历史地分析了中国古代传统宗教、外来宗教与皇权之间的种种复杂关系。中国传统宗教中的天帝崇拜、三统的说教和谶语符命等等无不是为了证明君权神授和国运昌盛或转移的神话；道教在魏晋以后开始与统治阶级相妥协，臣服于皇权，道教自身的内容也相应地有了变化；佛教传入中国后一直依附于统治阶级，所谓“不依国主，则法事难立”，从南北朝开始，统治者一方面大力扶持、奖掖和利用佛教，另一方面对佛教进行严密的防范和管制；伊斯兰教传入中国后，唐宋时期统治者一般采取怀柔、保护和扶持为主，限制为辅的政策，但这种政策到清朝时有了彻底的改变，这些改变也是为了巩固皇权的需要；对唐以后传入的景教、摩尼教、犹太教、天主教等一直采取宽容、保护、限制和同化的政策，但这都是为了加强皇权的需要，因之，中国历史上很少出现像西方那样的“权杖与皇冠”相斗争的事件。Abstract In ancient China, the relationship between the state and religion was actually the relationship between the power of Emperor and Divine power. From remote times—Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties to late Qing Dynasty, the state was ruled by absolute monarchy with the supremacy of Emperor's power at its centre, and as such, an organic state system by integrating politics, ethics with religion was formulated. Proceeding from this point of view, the author analyses the various complicated relationships between ancient traditional Chinese religion, religions of foreign origin and the power of Emperor. The Heavenly God worship, the doctrines of three traditions and prophecies and incantations in the traditional Chinese religion was nothing but the mythologies to prove that the power of Emperor was bestowed by God. Although Taoism at its initial stage reflected the ideology and demands of the peasants, it began after Wei and Jin Dynasties to compromise with the ruling class, and obey the Emperor's power. Buddhism has always depended on the ruling class ever since its entry into China. From the Nor-thern and Southern Dynasties onwards, the Chinese rulers on the one hand supported, rewarded and made use of Buddhism with great effort, on the other hand they were on constant guard against it and controlled it strictly. Since its coming into China, Islam was generally protected and supported by the state in the Tang and Song periods, but this kind of policy was thoroughly altered in the Qing Dynasty, so as to enhance the power of Emperor. For the same reason, Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Judaism and Catholicism which came to the land after the Tang Dynasty have been tolerated, protected, restricted and assimilated by all feudal dynasties. Accordingly, the struggles between the pope and the crown seldom occurred in Chinese history as it did in the history of the West. Born in 1928, the author is Research Fellow of the Asia-Pacific Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

关 键 词：伊斯兰教 外来宗教 中国历史 佛教 社会主义精神文明 宗教与社会主义社会 传入中国 统治者 摩尼教 宗教文化 

分 类 号：B929[哲学宗教—宗教学]