意外考试悖论及其解决——兼论求婚者悖论和双信封悖论  

The Surprise Exam Paradox and Its Solutions: Also on the Suitor Paradox and the Two Envelopes Paradox

作　　者：陈晓平[1] 

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学公共管理学院,广东广州510006

出　　处：《湖南科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2013年第3期25-30,共6页Journal of Hunan University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：国家社科基金项目(10BZX020);广东省社会科学"十一五"规划项目(09C-01);广东省高校人文社科基地重大项目(10JDXM72001)

摘　　要：悖论被分为四种,即一阶客观描述悖论、二阶客观描述悖论、一阶主体操作悖论和二阶主体操作悖论。意外考试悖论、求婚者悖论、双信封悖论等属于二阶主体操作悖论,对它们可以统一地给以二阶操作性解决。这些悖论通常被归入认知悖论,而"认知悖论"是一个比较含糊的概念,它本身并无独立的地位,因而它要么被归入语义悖论,要么被归入操作悖论。对于语义悖论,通过对其语义规则加以限制可以给以弱的解决。对于操作悖论,不仅可以给出弱的解决,还可给出强的解决。Paradoxes are divided into four kinds,i.e.one-order objective descriptive paradox,two-order objective descriptive paradox,one-order subjective operative paradox,and two-order subjective operative paradox.The surprise exam paradox,the suitor paradox,the two envelopes paradox,and so on belong to the two-order subjective operative paradox,so they could be resolved uniformly by the two-order operative methods.These paradoxes are usually attributed to the epistemic paradox.However,'epistemic paradox' is a vague concept that has no independent place itself,so it should be attributed to either the semantic paradox or the operative paradox.As to a semantic paradox,we could give it a weak solution by imposing some restrictions on the semantic rules.As to an operative paradox,we could give it a strong solution as well as a weak one.

关 键 词：意外考试悖论 语义悖论 操作悖论 认知悖论 二阶悖论 

分 类 号：C55[社会学]