敦煌壁画中胶结材料老化初探  

A Study on the Ageing of the Cementing Material in Dunhuang Murals

作　　者：李最雄 

出　　处：《敦煌研究》1990年第3期75-89,120,共16页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：敦煌壁画绘制绝大多数用天然无机矿物颜料。红色颜料中,估计有少量胭脂,黄色颜料中很可能有少量藤黄。目前对敦煌壁画中的这些植物性的有机颜料还没有分析结果,是因为受分析测试手段所限,而当时制备这些有机颜料非常困难,不仅量很少而且已老化。用手工研磨的无机矿物颜料一般颗粒度较大,与水不易均匀调和,即使调和了,也容易产生颜料离析,不但不滋润,而且在壁面上的固着力也很低。因此.古代用天然无机颜料绘制壁画时往往掺加一定的胶结材料调配。现在工业已经相当发达。机械研磨的无机矿物颜料和人工合成的矿物颜料的颗粒度比古代天然矿物颜料小多了。如此细的矿物颜料,使用时也必须掺加胶结材料调配。这样色彩鲜明,历久不变,颜料也很好地固着在画面上。An FTIR analytical study was carried out on 48 color patterns and glue like materials of 13 fragments from Mogao and Bingling Grottoes at the Material Ageing and Environment Division of the Canadean National Preservation Research Institute in1988. It has been found from the first stage of analysis that different quantities of oxalic acid calcium, oxalic acid copper and other oxalic acid salts are contained. But the 9 samples of glue like materials from the cliff-top cave Tianwangtang at Mogao Grottoes do not contain the above mentioned salts. The salts play the role of organic mediumfor the growth of microorganisms such as moulds in the murals. In the metabolic process of the moulds, certain reactions involving the copper contained in azurite or malachite and oxalic acid copper is produced causing the ageing of the cementing materials in the murals and resulting in their softening, shading cracking, wrinkling and even falling off.

关 键 词：敦煌壁画 胶结材料 主要原因 矿物颜料 莫高窟壁画 材料老化 红色颜料 无机颜料 分析结果 草酸钙石 

分 类 号：K870.6[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]