惩罚对信任与合作的影响:争论与解释  

The Effects of Punishment Impacting on Social Trust and Cooperation: Controversy and Interpretation

作　　者：刘国芳[1] 辛自强[2] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学发展心理研究所,北京100875 [2]中央财经大学社会发展学院心理学系,北京100081

出　　处：《上海师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第1期146-152,共7页Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-10-0869);国家社会科学基金项目(11CSH046)

摘　　要：对背叛者与失信者进行惩罚一直是促进社会信任与合作的重要手段,有研究显示惩罚对信任与合作的确具有促进作用。然而,越来越多的研究显示,惩罚释放了不信任或合作水平较低的信号,同时会将个体信任与合作的动机由内部的道德动机转变为外部的工具性动机,因而破坏信任与合作,这种破坏作用对信任水平较高的亲社会型个体更甚。因而,为了促进信任与合作,要谨慎使用惩罚手段,并且,应用惩罚时首先要建立惩罚的合法性,同时要考虑到信任类型、个体原初的信任水平等的影响。In social interactions,punishing defectors usually is an important approach to improve trust and cooperation,and its validity has ever been proved by some researchers. Recently,however,more and more studies have found that punishment may undermine individuals' trust and cooperation,especially reduce trust level of who is pro- social or has a high initial trust level. This destructive effect is due to that 1) punishment releases signals of distrust and low cooperation; and 2) punishment changes individual's motives of trust and cooperation from ethical motives to more calculative motives. Thus,people should keep cautious when using punishment to improve trust and cooperation,and need to construct the legality of punishment first,as well as take the effect of trust types,individuals' initial trust level etc. into account.

关 键 词：惩罚 信任 合作 

分 类 号：B84[哲学宗教—心理学]