从“立国”到“立人”——爱国主义从近代到现代的演进  

From the Setting-up of the State to the Setting-up of people——The Evolution of Patriotism from Modern to Present Period

作　　者：王培元[1] 

机构地区：[1]人民文学出版社当代文学室,100705

出　　处：《社会科学辑刊》1996年第5期94-99,158,共7页Social Science Journal

摘　　要：1 始于十九世纪中期的中西方文化的遭遇和碰撞,在形式上表现为中国同西方国家之间的冲突与对抗。中英鸦片战争及此后的历次中外战争,均以封建主义的中国惨败于资本主义的西方为结局。在这种空前的文化历史背景下,在严重的亡国灭种的危机面前,近代中国的爱国主义涌起了排天的巨浪。 近代中国的爱国主义,是从国家和民族的整体意识的觉醒与强化开始,以“立国”、“保国”即建立资产阶级的“民族国家”的政治要求及其行动为显著特征的。1895年在甲午战争中战败的清朝政府,与日本签订了丧权辱国的《马关条约》之后,康有为怀着强烈的民族危机感,起草了反对同日本议和的上皇帝万言书,指出“变法”是“立国自强之策”。“变法以立国”的政治主张,无疑是这一著名文献的核心。The Chinese patriotists at modern Period of time, with strong idea of the state and nationalist consciousness, take 'the setting - up of the state' for their goal, advocate 'collectivism' and pay great attention to 'the people' , placing their foothold on the whole interest of the state and nation, they consider the liberation of the nation and the prosperity and strength of the state, instead of the liberation of individuals and the development of individuality, to be the historic duty and sacred mission of the first importance. The idea of the state they advocated to has a thick colour of feudalist tradition, different from neiher the theory of state of western capitalist class nor the idea of state of Marxism. And the modern patriolists rep-resenred by Lu Xun put forward the idea of setting-up of people, regarded 'a state of the people' as the final realigation of the Liberation of the nation and the vitaligation of the state, and took individual liberation and people's liberty for the lofty goal of cultural cviticism and social transformation, indicating the establishment of patriotic idea with modern nature.

关 键 词：梁启超 民族主义 “立人” 近代中国的爱国主义 康有为 民族国家 国家主义 近代爱国主义 现代爱国主义 资产阶级民族 

分 类 号：D647[政治法律—政治学]