论中国早期(铜铁以外)的金属工艺  

EARLY CHINESE TECHNOLOGY OF METALS (APART FROM COPPER AND IRON)

作　　者：黄盛璋[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理研究所

出　　处：《考古学报》1996年第2期143-164,共22页Acta Archaeologica Sinica

基　　金：国家社会科学研究基金

摘　　要：一、金金常以粒状(或块状)的自然状态存在。它闪耀的金黄色光泽最引人注目。因此,金是人类最早发现和利用的金属。最初都是采集自然金,安阳殷墟早期发掘曾出土一块重一两多的自然金块,证明中国早期也是如此。The introduction and development of metallurgy constitute the determinant of the transition from the Stone to the Copper/Bronze Age, so they were also a mark of the formation of civilization. Leaving bronze and consequent iron civilization in ancient China to other monographs, the present paper discusses largely the technology of a few metals (not including copper and iron) evolving in pre-Qin China. 1) Gold The first metal man used was natural gold. After the invention of metal- lurgy, it began to be smelted and cast, and gold working came into being. The initial gold artifacts were small and thin, they were personal ornaments and decorative material for covering objects or attaching to them. Among the cultural remains at Huoshaogou, Yumen, Gansu, and in the Lower Xiajiadian culture, there was found early evidence of using gold ornaments; in the Central Plains, gold ornaments and leaf were discovered in mid-Shang tombs at the Shang city-site in Zhengzhou and at Taixi in Gaocheng: in Guanghan, Sichuan, a staff and a mask covered with gold leaf were yielded from sacrificial pits of the Sanxingdui period corresponding to the Yin Ruins I. As early as Shang times, gold covering and attaching became traditional technology, which was inherited and de- veloped in the Western Zhou. 2) Silver This metal is more difficult to smelt than gold and copper. The earliest silver objects discovered so far are the ear and nose rings unearthed from the Huoshaogou site at Yumen in the northwest region; in the Central Plains, by now we have no such evidence from the Yin and early Zhou period, but the large amount of silver-ware from the Zhongshan State prince's tomb of the Warring States period is already fine and ele- gant, and silver coins in the shape of a socketed spade were unearthed from the city-site at Fugou, Henan. 3) Tin The earliest Chinese bronzes are made of tin bronze. The bronze knife of the Majiayao culture from Linjia, Dongxiang, Gansu, and that of the Machang culture from Jiangjiaping, Yongdeng, are both tin bronze

关 键 词：出土 金属工艺 战国晚期 绿松石 早发现 西周早期 青铜器 金银器 考古学 春秋 

分 类 号：K876.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]