俄国鞑靼斯坦“扎吉德”运动与近代维吾尔启蒙运动——新疆“东突厥斯坦”运动的缘起  

Jadid Movement in Russian Tatarstan and Uygur Enlightenment Movement in Modern Times——Origin of“East Turkistan”Movement in Xinjiang

作　　者：潘志平[1] 

机构地区：[1]新疆大学中亚研究院,中亚地缘政治研究中心

出　　处：《西北民族研究》2014年第3期23-34,共12页Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies

摘　　要：19世纪末,欧亚腹地的政治文化现象是"双泛"(泛突厥主义和泛伊斯兰主义)的兴起。泛突厥主义发源于俄国的鞑靼斯坦,其切入点是语言教育,即"新式"的教育——"扎吉德"运动。"扎吉德"运动,既是民族复兴运动,又是宗教改革运动。我们在研究"扎吉德"运动时,还很难将它完全归于"双泛"中的哪一个。民族(nation)是由民族主义者(nationalist)构建、想象的产物,但构建、想象的必要前提是教育的普及。事实上,在古代文盲社会,是没有民族主义的。清末,新疆维吾尔族社会悄然兴起了一场近代文化启蒙运动,其源头是俄国鞑靼斯坦的"扎吉德"教育。新疆近代文化启蒙运动开辟了新疆近代意义上的民族教育,它的贡献应予充分肯定。但是,其负面作用是:"双泛"借"扎吉德"教育大举传入新疆,在造就维吾尔族第一代现代意义的民族知识精英的同时,也培植出麦斯武德等第一批"东突"骨干。这伙人在为"东突厥斯坦独立"而奔走呼号,形成了一个分裂主义的帮派,这就是新疆"东突厥斯坦"运动的由来。At the end of the nineteenth century, a prominent political-cultural phenomenon in the Eurasian hinterland was the rise of Pan-Turkism and Pan-Islamism. With its origin in Tatarstan, Russia, Pan-Turkism emerged and spread through language education, i.e. 'new form of education'-'Jadid Movement'which is both national revival movement and religious reform movement in nature. As far as the research is concerned, it is difficult for us to place Jadid Movement in either the line of Pan-Turkism or the line of Pan-Islamism. Nation is what nationalists constructed or imagined. However, the popularization ofeducation constitutes the prerequisite for the construction and imagination.In fact, the overwhelming majority of people were illiterate in ancient times and there was no nationalism. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty of China, a modern cultural enlightenment movement emerged in the Uygur community in Xinjiang, which originated from the 'Jadid'education in Russian Tartarstan. The cultural enlightenment movement served as the start of modern education for Uygur community in Xinjiang, and full recognition should be granted to the movement. However, the movementalso played a negative role. Specifically, Pan-Turkism and Pan-Islamism were introduced and spread in Xinjiang through 'Jadid'education which brought up the first cadre for 'East Turkistan Movement'such as Maswud while training the first generation of Uygur intellectual elites in modern sense. These men worked for the so-called Independence of East Turkistan, and forged a separatist group that is the origin of'East Turkistan Movement'in Xinjiang.

关 键 词：俄国 “扎吉德”运动 近代 维吾尔 启蒙运动 

分 类 号：D691.72[政治法律—政治学]