从“以身发财”到“以财发身”——张謇创业的人力资本与社会效应  

From“Making Money Personally”to“Servicing People Financially”:the Personal Capital and Social Efficiency

作　　者：李玉[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学中华民国史研究中心,教授210093

出　　处：《江苏社会科学》2014年第4期146-153,共8页Jiangsu Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目"晚清社会欺诈问题"(13AZS016)的阶段成果之一

摘　　要：借用儒家"以身发财"和"以财发身"的概念,有助于分析近代实业家的创业过程与经营理念。张謇办厂之前的职场资历与科举功名,为他积聚了丰富的人脉网络,使他可以更多地接近行政资源,增加投资的垄断性与特权性,这些堪称有助于他创业的"身份资本"。而张謇在办厂过程中的吃苦耐劳、忍辱负重和积极探索,则又意味着他支付了超常的心力与智力,这些可视作他为创业投入的"身心资本"。凡此二者,构成了张謇"以身发财"的主要内涵。但张謇创业的主旨却不是为了发财,而是造福社会。通过考察张謇对发展地方教育和慈善及公益事业的贡献,可以说明他在一定程度上践行了孔子"以财发身"的遗训。张謇追求社会效应而非经济效用的创业观,是他成为一个著名实业家的重要原因。In order to analyze the course for modern enterpriser to set up factories and their business rationale, the concept of Making Money and Making Reputation from Confucianism should be used. Before the Dasheng spinning factory was set up, what Zhang Jian had experienced by profession and gained by imperial fame made him easily established an extensive official contacts network and close to administra-tive resources, which would be helpful to increase the monopolies and privileges in his investment. From another perspective, those particularity of Zhang Jian could be thought of the beneficial Identity Capital for him to venture. Zhang Jian also paid out much more extraordinary effort and intelligence by his hard work, perseverance and actively explore, which could be considered as the Mental and Physical Capital for Zhang Jian to venture. Those two kinds of capital could be looked as the main content for Zhang Jian to make money. But what Zhang Jian wanted to do by enterprise was to be of benefit to society instead of making money. Zhang Jian's contribution to the development of local education and charitable and public welfare showed that Zhang Jian had preliminarily practiced the teaching of Confucius to service people by using personal wealth. What Zhang Jian pursued for social effects instead economic utility made him be considered as a famous entrepreneur.

关 键 词：张謇 创业观 社会效应 

分 类 号：D632.9[政治法律—政治学]