根际注射施肥对黄土高原苹果氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响  

Effects of fertilization with injection to the rhizosphere on nitrogen absorption and utilization,fruit yield and quality of apple in the Loess Plateau

作　　者：张林森[1] 李雪薇[1] 王晓琳[1] 张立新[2] 吕殿青[3] 王朝辉[3] 韩明玉[1] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学园艺学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]西北农林科技大学生命科学学院,陕西杨凌712100 [3]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第2期421-430,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家苹果产业技术体系课题(CARS-28);陕西省科技厅重大攻关项目(2011KTZB02-02-05);农业部公益性行业科研专项(201303104)资助

摘　　要：【目的】在西北黄土高原地区,春季干旱少雨和肥料利用率低限制着生产优质苹果。国外通常应用水肥一体化技术来克服水肥利用率低的问题,但由于其硬件设施要求高,投资大,短期内在我国难以推广。近年来我国采用的根际注射施肥可利用施肥枪将肥料溶液直接注入根际土壤中,施肥成本低且技术简单。本研究利用同位素15N示踪技术,研究根际注射施肥对苹果氮素吸收利用及产量品质的影响,可为黄土高原果园水肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】以9年生富士/M26/新疆野苹果为试验材料,利用15N尿素标记肥料去向,最后通过MAT-251质谱计测15N丰度,得出果树各器官和土壤的肥料利用率。同时利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)测定标记叶片的SPAD值,用浸以磷酸甘油溶液的海绵进行田间原位测定,得到土壤氨挥发的量,用静态箱—气相色谱法测定土壤的N2O逸失量。综合对比分析黄土高原传统环状开沟撒施肥与根际注射施肥对苹果吸收利用氮素、肥料氮在土壤中残留及果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】黄土高原苹果园根际注射施肥的优越性体现在:1)施肥后一个月内,果园土壤的气态氮素损失发生变化,根际注射施肥比传统环状开沟施肥的氨挥发总量低54.9%,同时N2O的排放通量低5.0%。2)根际注射施肥后,促进了肥料在土壤中的扩散范围,扩大了根系肥水吸收容积,叶片和果实吸收的肥料氮比例(Ndff%)在整个生长季始终处于较高水平。生长季末期,根际注射施肥的整株氮素当季吸收率为53.04%,比环状开沟施肥提高12.25个百分点,表明根际注射施肥有利于氮素更快地被吸收利用,显著提高苹果树的氮素当季利用率。3)生长季末,在0—60 cm土层内,根际注射施肥的土壤氮素残留率为36.55%,而环状开沟施肥为43.13%,前者显著低于后者。4)在整个生长季内,根际注射施肥处理下的树体新梢叶片内叶绿素�【Objectives】The drought in spring and low fertilizer utilization efficiency limit the high quality apple production in the Loess Plateau in northwest region of China. Fertigation is usually used in abroad to overcome the problem of low fertilizer utilization efficiency. But this technology is difficult to spread in China for its strict requirements of irrigation system and investment at the level of farmer household in the short run. In recent years,fertilization with injection to the rhizosphere is used broadly in many places of China. This technology needs low cost and is simple.15 N urea was used in this experiment as tracer to study the effects of fertilization with injection to the rhizosphere on nitrogen absorption and utilization,fruit yield and quality of apple in the Loess Plateau.【Methods】The 9- year- old Fuji trees[Malus pumila Mill cv. Red Fuji/M26 /Malus Sieversii( Ledeb) Roem]and15N tracer element which was measured by MAT- 251 mass spectrometer were used to calculate the fertilizer utilization efficiency of various tree organs and soil. SPAD-502 was used to determine the SPAD value of marked leaves. Sponge soaked in a solution of glycerol phosphate was used to measure the amount of field soil ammonia volatilization. Static chambers- gas chromatography was used to determine the soil N2 O fluxes. These methods were used to explore the effect of fertilization either with injection or traditional ring ditch on nitrogen absorption,distribution and utilization,fruit yield and quality of apple in the Loess Plateau.【Results】The results show that the advantages of apple orchard fertilization with injection to the rhizosphere in the Loess Plateau are as follows: 1)Within one month after fertilization,the gaseous nitrogen loss in apple orchard changed. The amount of soil ammonia volatilization of fertilization with injection to the rhizosphere was significantly less than the traditional ring ditch fertilization by 54. 9%,and the N2 O flux was 5. 0%. 2) After fertilization with injection to the rhi

关 键 词：苹果 注射施肥 15N-示踪 氮素吸收率 产量品质 

分 类 号：S661.1[农业科学—果树学]