水肥减量对日光温室土壤水分状况及番茄产量和品质的影响  

Effects of reducing water and fertilizer rates on soil moisture and yield and quality of tomato in solar greenhouse

作　　者：罗勤[1] 陈竹君[1,2] 闫波[1] 雷金繁 张晓敏[1] 白新禄[1] 周建斌[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室,陕西杨凌712100 [3]杨凌区农业技术推广中心,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2015年第2期449-457,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：陕西省农业攻关项目(2014K01-14-03);国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目课题(2012BAD15B04);高等学校学科创新引智计划(B12007);中英农业生产中养分资源可持续利用合作项目资助

摘　　要：【目的】水肥一体化技术为改变我国长期以来设施栽培蔬菜"大水大肥"的传统管理方式,实现资源节约、环境友好发展提供了硬件物质基础和载体,但我国不同地区农业生产条件差异较大,适合当地土壤、气候、作物和栽培季节等特点的水肥一体化灌溉制度和施肥量相对缺乏。本文在陕西关中地区研究了水肥一体化条件下不同水肥处理对土壤水分状况及秋冬茬番茄养分吸收和产量等的影响,旨在制定适宜当地日光温室栽培番茄的科学合理的灌溉施肥制度。【方法】田间试验设常规水肥处理(CK)、植苗后水肥一体化灌水追肥期水肥分别减量20%(S1)及40%(S2)3个处理,其中常规处理灌水量为当季作物冠层水面蒸发量(100%ET),追肥量为当地农户的平均用量;水肥一体化为膜下滴灌+文丘里施肥系统。采用自动连续数采张力计(英国Skye Data Hog2)测定蔬菜生长期间各处理0—20 cm和20—50 cm土层土壤水势,并建立对应的土壤水分特征曲线,将土壤水势动态变化转换为土壤含水率动态变化;用直径20 cm蒸发皿测定当季番茄冠层的水面蒸发量,分析冠层水面蒸发量与土壤有效贮水量损失的关系;测定了不同水肥处理对番茄根、茎、叶、果实生物量及氮、磷、钾吸收量与产量和品质的影响。【结果】1)不同处理番茄生育期内0—50 cm土壤相对含水率均在75%以上,土壤水分供应充足。常规水肥处理灌水后0—20 cm土壤含水率达到或超过田间持水量,20—50 cm土层均超过田间持水量,表明土壤水分可下渗到50 cm以下,进而发生土壤养分的淋溶问题。追施期水肥减量40%处理的土壤水分大部分处在75%~85%的适宜值范围。2)随灌水量的减少,0—50 cm土壤有效贮水量损失降低,平均为番茄冠层水面蒸发量的65.4%,与追肥期水肥减量40%处理的灌水量相近。3)不同水肥处理番茄干物质累积、养分携出量、番茄产量【Objectives 】 Fertigation technology has a great potential to replace the traditional irrigation and fertilization methods in the protected cultivation in China. Soils,climate,and crops require different frequency of irrigation and fertilization. Therefore,effects of different water and nutrient treatments on soil moisture,nutrient uptake,yield and quality of autumn- winter tomato in Guanzhong Plain,Shaanxi was studied. Our aim was to setup the optimum rates of irrigation and fertilization in solar greenhouses. 【Methods】The field trial included three treatments,the conventional treatment( CK) in which irrigation rate equaled to 100% evapotranspiration and average rates of fertilizers used by local farmers were applied( conventional fertilizer treatment),and reducing 20%and 40% of water and fertilizer rates in comparison with CK( S1 and S2). The fertilizers were added into the irrigation system with Venturi tube during the crop growth. Soil moisture in 0- 20 cm and 20- 50 cm layers was continuously monitored by an automatic tension meter system( Skye Data Hog2,UK). Soil water content was calculated with soil water characteristic curve. water surface evaporation was determined with the evaporating dish method( diameter 20 cm),and its relationship with loss of soil available water was analyzed. The nutrient absorption,yield, quality, irrigation utilization of autumn- winter tomato in different treatments were also determined. 【Results】1) The soil relative water contents are higher 75% in 0- 50 cm soil layer in all the treatments throughout the whole growing period of tomato,indicating soil water supply is adequate for tomato growth. The soil water contents in 0-20 cm and 20-50 cm soil layers in the conventional treatment reach or exceed the field capacity after irrigation,which indicates that water infiltrated below 50 cm soil layer and would result in nutrient leaching. Compared with CK,the soil relative water contents in the treatment of reducing 40% of water and fertilizer rates are mainly in optimum

关 键 词：日光温室 番茄 水肥减量 产量品质 土壤水分状况 

分 类 号：S626[农业科学—园艺学] S641.2