北京城市扩张过程中的供水格局演变  

Water supply pattern evolution of Beijing during urban development

作　　者：鲁春霞[1] 冯跃[2] 孙艳芝[1,3] 谢高地[1] 胡绪千 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101 [2]南开大学经济学院,天津300071 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [4]北京师范大学经济与工商管理学院,北京100875

出　　处：《资源科学》2015年第6期1115-1123,共9页Resources Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41371486);国家科技支撑计划课题(2013BAC03B05)

摘　　要：北京地区地下水资源丰富,居民点附近的地下水是历史时期城市生活用水的主要来源。地表水源不足与维持漕运通畅是历史时期北京地区水利设施建设所面临的主要矛盾。元代以前莲花池水系是北京地区城市发展的水资源基础,城市供水保障区域经历了以永定河为主转移至以瓮山泊、高粱河地区为主的变化过程。元代,城市发展的水资源基础转移至高梁河水系。通惠河的开通将城市供水保障区域拓展至昌平白浮泉地区,明清时期白浮泉水源的断绝使保障区域范围回缩至瓮山泊一带。1949年以来,北京的供水系统逐步完善,城市供水实现跨区域、多来源、多系统的联合调度。地下水供水保障区域呈现横向扩张、纵向加深的变化趋势,取水口由集中于市区和近郊逐步外移至远郊,地下水位大幅度下降。地表水的利用由区域内自给有余转变为依靠跨区域调水补充不足,供水保障区域由本区域向流域上游的河北、山西两省扩张。南水北调工程的建成已经使供水保障区域从海河流域扩大至长江流域。预测北京的供水系统结构将进一步改变,对外调水、雨洪水及回用水等水源的利用量将继续增加,地下水和地表水的供水压力减小,有利于城市水环境及水生态的恢复。Beijing is rich in groundwater resources and groundwater around human habitats has been utilized as the main source of domestic water since ancient times. The main problem contradiction between surface water insufficiency and water transport maintenance was in the construction of Beijing's water conservancy facilities in historical period. Before the Yuan Dynasty,Lianhuachi Basin was the water base for urban development in Beijing. The region for water security has experienced diversion from the Yongding River as principal to Wengshan Lake and Gaoliang River. Water source for urban development diverted to Gaoliang River basin in the Yuan Dynasty. The canalization of Tonghui River extended the region for water security to Baifu spring region,but reduced Wengshan Lake area during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Since 1949,Beijing's water supply system was constructed step by step and urban water supply has realized the joint management of trans-region,multisource and multi-systems. The region for water security of groundwater expanded in both horizontal and vertical directions. The distribution of water intake concentration diverted from the city center and suburbs to outer suburbs;groundwater levels dropped dramatically. The utilization of surface water went from self-sufficiency to relying on trans-region water transfer. The region for water security experienced the expanding process of within-Beijing to Hebei and Shanxi provinces. The construction of south-to-north water diversion would promote the southward expansion substantially. The structure of water supply system would change further and the utilization of external water,rain-flood and recycled water would keep increasing into the future. The decrease in water supply pressure of groundwater and surface water would benefit the recovery of water ecology and environments.

关 键 词：供水格局 供水保障区域 城市扩张 北京 

分 类 号：TV213.4[水利工程—水文学及水资源]