4种杀菌剂对连作苹果园土壤镰刀菌及土壤酶活性的影响  

Effects of four fungicides on soil fusarium oxysporum population and enzymes activity in successive cropping apple orchard

作　　者：刘勇[1] 鲍静[1] 姜兴印[1] 李配[1] 毛志泉[2] 

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学植物保护学院 [2]山东农业大学园艺学院,山东泰安271018

出　　处：《果树学报》2015年第1期115-122,共8页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金CARS-28;山东省农业重大应用技术创新课题

摘　　要：【目的】老果园栽植新树苗时遇到幼苗生长不良等连作问题越来越突出,因此对苹果连作障碍的研究尤为必要。本试验旨在筛选出高效、低毒的化学杀菌剂,通过药剂混土的方式缓解果树连作障碍问题。【方法】通过田间试验,研究了多菌灵、福美双、咯菌腈、代森锰锌连作树穴(连作土)用药量分别为10 g a.i/10 kg土、10 g a.i/10 kg土、2.5 g a.i/10 kg土和10 g a.i/10 kg土,行间树穴(非连作土)用药量分别为5 g a.i/10 kg土、5 g a.i/10 kg土、2.5 g a.i/10 kg土和5 g a.i/10 kg土对苹果连作土壤镰刀菌及土壤酶活性的动态影响。【结果】四种杀菌剂对土壤镰刀菌毒力测定结果表明,咯菌腈对连作土壤串珠镰刀菌的控制效果最好,EC50仅为0.356 mg·L-1。对连作土壤镰刀菌抑制率最高达80.17%,对行间土壤镰刀菌抑制率最高达86.48%;苹果幼树生长测定结果表明:代森锰锌对幼树生长的促进作用最为明显,与其他处理差异显著。连作树穴幼树枝条数、茎粗度、叶片数、新梢长、叶面积分别增加了2条、0.20 cm、10.84枚、27.54 cm、9.84cm2,行间树穴幼树分别增加了1.92条、0.16 cm、14.26枚、22.19 cm、5.55 cm2;对土壤酶活性测定结果表明,不同药剂对不同土壤酶影响不同,咯菌腈对过氧化氢酶激活作用最强,多菌灵对蔗糖酶的激活作用最强,福美双对中性磷酸酶的激活作用最强,多菌灵对脲酶激活作用最强。各土壤酶活性在8月份以后普遍降低,药剂对土壤酶激活作用消失。【结论】杀菌剂可以有效抑制土壤镰刀菌的生长,减轻苹果连作障碍问题。【Objective】The apple trees grow poor when they are planted in old orchard,which is becoming more and more serious,so the research on apple replant obstacles was necessary. The study was to screen out high efficient,but low toxic chemical fungicides which mixed with soil to deal with successive cropping obstacles.【Method】Field treatments included four fungicides with replant soil i.e. carbendazim 10 g a.i/10 kg soil,thiram 10 g a.i/10 kg soil,fludioxonil 2.5 g a.i/10 kg soil,mancozeb 10 g a.i/10 kg soil and four fungicides with inter-row soil i.e. carbendazim 5 g a.i/5 kg soil,thiram 5 g a.i/10 kg soil,fludioxonil 2.5 g a.i/10 kg soil and mancozeb 5 g a.i/10 kg soil. The changes of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon population and enzyme activity after treatments were observed.【Result】Toxicity test of four fungicides to fusarium oxysporum showed that fludioxonil was the best in control of soil Fusarium oxysporum with EC500.356 mg·L-1. Fludioxonil could reduce the replant and inter-row soil Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon population by 80.17%and 86.48% resectively. The results on tree biomass showed that: mancozeb increased the shoot number,stem diameter,leaf number,shoot length and leaf area of plants in the replant floor by 2,1.27 cm,10.84,27.54 cm,9.84 cm2,and in the inter-row floor by 1.92,1.00 cm,14.26,22.19 cm,5.55 cm2. Its effect was better than the other chemicals. The results on enzymes showed that:fludioxonil was the best for the increase of catalase acitivity; carbendazim was the best for Invertase; thiram was the best for neutral phosphatase; carbendazim was the best for Urease. All soil enzyme activity decreased in August,and activation of fungicides disappeared.【Conclusion】Fungicides could effectively inhibit the growth of soil Fusarium and alleviate replant problem.

关 键 词：苹果园 杀菌剂 镰刀菌 土壤酶 连作 

分 类 号：S482.2[农业科学—农药学]