十五世纪前后的句法变化与现代汉语否定标记系统的形成——否定标记“没(有)”产生的句法背景及其语法化过程  

The Effects of the Syntactic Changes around the Fifteenth Century on the Formation of the Negative System of Modern Chinese ——The Motivations for the Grammaticalization of the Negative MEI

作　　者：石毓智[1] 李讷 

机构地区：[1]新加坡国立大学 [2]美国加里福尼亚大学

出　　处：《语言研究》2000年第2期39-62,共24页Studies in Language and Linguistics

摘　　要：本文认为发生在十五世纪前后的几个重要句法变化 ,改变了谓语中心动词的内部结构 ,从而为一个新否定标记的诞生创造了合适的条件。这些条件包括动补结构的成熟 ,体标记系统的建立 ,量词范畴的引入 ,以及时间词、动量词由宾语之后向宾语之前的变动 ,等等。所有这些变化的共同作用是 ,使得谓语动词“有界化” ,从而赋予作为单一句法单位的谓语动词以“离散”量特性 ,恰与名词的语义特征相符。这种谓语动词整体语义特征的改变带来了两个直接结果 :一是原来主要用于“无界”谓语动词的否定标记因不适应新的发展而被淘汰 ,二是为用于名词类的否定标记“没”向动词否定标记扩展创造了条件。现代汉语中的动词和名词的共同否定标记“没”就是在这一背景下产生的。本文还证明 ,“没”语法化的具体途径是它常用于连动结构的第一动词 ,在时间一维性的作用下 ,逐渐丧失动词的特征而向单纯的否定标记转化 ,从而为其向动词否定标记的扩展作好了准备。结果改变了汉语否定系统的基本特征 :由原来的以词性为分野的否定词体系变成了现代汉语的以数量特征为分野的否定词体系。The grammaticalization of the negative marker mei was motivated by the change of the predicate in general towards boundedness, the outcome of many syntactic developments around the fifteenth century. These developments includes the establishment of the resultative construction, the emergence of the aspect system, the introduction of the classifier system, and the fusion between matrix verb and verbal quantifiers, all of which serve to make the predicate bounded. So the overall feature of the predicate was made 'discrete', sharing semantic commonality with nominal items which prototypically represent discrete objects in reality. As a result, mei , a negative marker previously restricted to nominal items, was extended to negate verbal ones. Consequently, Modern Chinese has a clear division of labor between the two basic negative markers mei and bu : the former exclusively negate discrete items and the latter exclusively negate indiscrete ones. The present analysis has demonstrated that a grammar consists of interrelated constructions and any change of its components will affect others.

关 键 词：否定标记 句法 语法化 十五世纪 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语]